In recent decades, cyclotriphosphazene (CTP) and its derivatives have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional physical and chemical properties, such as remarkable thermal/radiation stability, chain flexibility, flame retardancy, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Substantial progress has been made in CTP chemistry, as well as the exploration of new topological structures, functionalities, and applications of CTP-based materials. Thus, it holds great significance to summarize these key advancements to drive the development and application of CTP derivatives. In this comprehensive review, we present a historical perspective on the structures and properties of CTP and its derivatives. We provide an overview of the main chemical reactions and reaction mechanisms involved in CTP chemistry. Furthermore, we assess the current status of various CTP derivatives, including multi-substituted compounds, copolymers, linear polymers, dendrimers/hyperbranched polyphosphazenes, and crosslinked polyphosphazene, elucidating their synthesis methodologies. Moreover, we emphasize the recent notable achievements in a range of applications encompassing fluorescence, nonlinear optics, biomedical materials, catalyst supports, adsorption and separation, flame retardancy, and battery materials. Finally, we address the future opportunities and challenges associated with CTP derivatives.

近几十年来，环三磷腈（CTP）及其衍生物因其优异的物理和化学性质而受到广泛关注，例如出色的热/辐射稳定性、链柔性、阻燃性、生物相容性和生物降解性。CTP化学以及CTP基材料新拓扑结构、功能和应用的探索取得了实质性进展。因此，总结这些关键进展对于推动CTP衍生品的开发和应用具有重要意义。在这篇全面的综述中，我们对 CTP 及其衍生品的结构和特性提出了历史视角。我们概述了 CTP 化学中涉及的主要化学反应和反应机制。此外，我们评估了各种 CTP 衍生物的现状，包括多取代化合物、共聚物、线性聚合物、树枝状聚合物/超支化聚磷腈和交联聚磷腈，阐明了它们的合成方法。此外，我们强调了最近在荧光、非线性光学、生物医学材料、催化剂载体、吸附与分离、阻燃和电池材料等一系列应用中取得的显着成就。最后，我们讨论了与 CTP 衍生品相关的未来机遇和挑战。