Ferroptosis is a programmed, iron-dependent, oxidative cell death that was discovered recently. It is usually accompanied by iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation during the cell death process. Ferroptosis-inducing factors affect glutathione (GSH) peroxidase directly or indirectly, leading to a decrease in antioxidant capacity and accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS). Ferroptosis has garnered much interest in the field of cancer treatment. However, the therapeutic efficacy through the ferroptosis pathway by directly increasing the levels of iron ions at cancer lesion is not ideal due to the inefficient enrichment of iron ions at the lesion site, the uncontrolled Fenton reaction and a single apoptotic pathway. Nanozymes are nanomaterials that can catalyse enzyme substrates into products following enzyme kinetics under physiological conditions. Nanozymes offer advantages such as enhanced stability, simplified preparation, and cost-effectiveness compared to natural enzymes. Notably, nanozymes can serve as self-activated cascade reagents, elevating the therapeutic efficacy of cancer through the ferroptosis pathway by effectively generating reactive ROS and depleting GSH. Furthermore, nanozymes can induce ferroptosis and synergize with other approaches such as photothermal therapy (PTT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), and immunotherapy. Presented in this review are the definition, structure, classification, and features of nanozymes, the fundamental mechanisms of ferroptosis in cancer cells, and the combined strategies employed to combat cancer by leveraging nanozymes to induce or enhance ferroptosis.

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纳米酶增强铁死亡用于癌症治疗

铁死亡是最近发现的一种程序性、铁依赖性、氧化性细胞死亡。细胞死亡过程中通常伴随着铁的积累和脂质过氧化。铁死亡诱导因子直接或间接影响谷胱甘肽（GSH）过氧化物酶，导致抗氧化能力下降和脂质活性氧（ROS）积累。铁死亡在癌症治疗领域引起了广泛关注。然而，由于铁离子在病灶处的富集效率低、Fenton反应不受控制以及细胞凋亡途径单一，通过铁死亡途径直接增加癌灶处铁离子水平的治疗效果并不理想。纳米酶是在生理条件下按照酶动力学催化酶底物生成产物的纳米材料。与天然酶相比，纳米酶具有稳定性增强、制备简化和成本效益等优势。值得注意的是，纳米酶可以作为自激活级联试剂，通过有效产生反应性ROS和消耗GSH，通过铁死亡途径提高癌症的治疗效果。此外，纳米酶可以诱导铁死亡并与光热疗法（PTT）、光动力疗法（PDT）和免疫疗法等其他方法产生协同作用。本综述介绍了纳米酶的定义、结构、分类和特征，癌细胞铁死亡的基本机制，以及利用纳米酶诱导或增强铁死亡来对抗癌症的组合策略。