This review focuses on how the modeling of dense granular media has advanced over the last 15 years. The jumping-off point of our review is the μ( I) rheology for dry granular flow, which opened the door to generic flow field modeling but was primarily geared toward problems involving small monodisperse grains of simple shapes. Our review focuses on advances in modeling more material types and behaviors including new approaches for modeling finite-grain-size effects or nonlocality, polydispersity and unmixing, and nontrivial grain shapes. We also discuss growing application areas with tractable order-reduction strategies with a focus on intrusion and locomotion problems.

中文翻译：

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密集颗粒介质建模的进展

本综述重点关注致密颗粒介质建模在过去 15 年中的进展。我们综述的起点是干颗粒流的 μ(I) 流变学，它为通用流场建模打开了大门，但主要针对涉及简单形状的小单分散颗粒的问题。我们的评论重点关注更多材料类型和行为建模的进展，包括建模有限晶粒尺寸效应或非局域性、多分散性和非混合以及非平凡晶粒形状的新方法。我们还讨论了具有易于处理的降阶策略的不断增长的应用领域，重点关注入侵和运动问题。