Plastids and mitochondria are the only organelles that possess genomes of endosymbiotic origin. In recent decades, advances in sequencing technologies have contributed to a meteoric rise in the number of published organellar genomes, and have revealed greatly divergent evolutionary trajectories. In this review, we quantify the abundance and distribution of sequenced plant organellar genomes across the plant tree of life. We compare numerous genomic features between the two organellar genomes, with an emphasis on evolutionary trajectories, transfers, the current state of organellar genome editing by transcriptional activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), transcription activator-like effector (TALE)-mediated deaminase, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas), as well as genetic transformation. Finally, we propose future research to understand these different evolutionary trajectories, and genome-editing strategies to promote functional studies and eventually improve organellar genomes.

质体和线粒体是唯一拥有内共生起源基因组的细胞器。近几十年来，测序技术的进步导致已发表的细胞器基因组数量急剧增加，并揭示了截然不同的进化轨迹。在这篇综述中，我们量化了整个植物生命树中已测序的植物细胞器基因组的丰度和分布。我们比较了两个细胞器基因组之间的众多基因组特征，重点是进化轨迹、转移、转录激活因子样效应核酸酶（TALEN）、转录激活因子样效应因子（TALE）介导的脱氨酶对细胞器基因组编辑的现状，以及成簇规则间隔的短回文重复序列 (CRISPR)/CRISPR 相关蛋白 (Cas) 以及遗传转化。最后，我们提出未来的研究来了解这些不同的进化轨迹，以及基因组编辑策略来促进功能研究并最终改善细胞器基因组。