Recent research has identified a tension between the Safety principle that knowledge is belief without risk of error, and the Closure principle that knowledge is preserved by competent deduction. Timothy Williamson reconciles Safety and Closure by proposing that when an agent deduces a conclusion from some premises, the agent’s method for believing the conclusion includes their method for believing each premise. We argue that this theory is untenable because it implies problematically easy epistemic access to one’s methods. Several possible solutions are explored and rejected.

中文翻译：

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安全、封闭和扩展方法

最近的研究发现，安全原则（知识是没有错误风险的信念）与封闭原则（知识通过有效演绎来保存）之间存在紧张关系。蒂莫西·威廉姆森通过提出当代理人从某些前提推导出结论时，代理人相信结论的方法包括他们相信每个前提的方法，来协调安全性和封闭性。我们认为这一理论是站不住脚的，因为它意味着对一个人的方法的认知访问容易出现问题。探索并拒绝了几种可能的解决方案。