Nutrition profoundly shapes immunity and inflammation across the lifespan of mammals, from pre- and post-natal periods to later life. Emerging insights into diet-microbiota interactions indicate that nutrition has a dominant influence on the composition—and metabolic output—of the intestinal microbiota, which in turn has major consequences for host immunity and inflammation. Here, we discuss recent findings that support the concept that dietary effects on microbiota-derived metabolites potently alter immune responses in health and disease. We discuss how specific dietary components and metabolites can be either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory in a context- and tissue-dependent manner during infection, chronic inflammation, and cancer. Together, these studies emphasize the influence of diet-microbiota crosstalk on immune regulation that will have a significant impact on precision nutrition approaches and therapeutic interventions for managing inflammation, infection, and cancer immunotherapy.

营养对哺乳动物从产前、产后到晚年整个生命周期的免疫力和炎症都有着深刻的影响。对饮食与微生物群相互作用的新见解表明，营养对肠道微生物群的组成和代谢输出具有主导影响，这反过来又对宿主免疫和炎症产生重大影响。在这里，我们讨论最近的发现，这些发现支持这样的概念：饮食对微生物群衍生代谢物的影响会有效改变健康和疾病中的免疫反应。我们讨论了特定的饮食成分和代谢物如何在感染、慢性炎症和癌症期间以环境和组织依赖性方式发挥促炎或抗炎作用。总之，这些研究强调了饮食-微生物群串扰对免疫调节的影响，这将对精准营养方法以及控制炎症、感染和癌症免疫治疗的治疗干预产生重大影响。