Male infertility is defined as a failure to conceive after 12 months of unprotected intercourse owing to suspected male reproductive factors. Non-malignant red blood cell disorders are systemic conditions that have been associated with male infertility with varying severity and strength of evidence. Hereditary haemoglobinopathies and bone marrow failure syndromes have been associated with hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis dysfunction, hypogonadism, and abnormal sperm parameters. Bone marrow transplantation is a potential cure for these conditions, but exposes patients to potentially gonadotoxic chemotherapy and/or radiation that could further impair fertility. Iron imbalance might also reduce male fertility. Thus, disorders of hereditary iron overload can cause iron deposition in tissues that might result in hypogonadism and impaired spermatogenesis, whereas severe iron deficiency can propagate anaemias that decrease gonadotropin release and sperm counts. Reproductive urologists should be included in the comprehensive care of patients with red blood cell disorders, especially when gonadotoxic treatments are being considered, to ensure fertility concerns are appropriately evaluated and managed.

男性不育症是指由于疑似男性生殖因素而在无保护性交12个月后未能受孕。非恶性红细胞疾病是与男性不育症相关的全身性疾病，其严重程度和证据强度各不相同。遗传性血红蛋白病和骨髓衰竭综合征与下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴功能障碍、性腺功能减退和精子参数异常有关。骨髓移植是治疗这些疾病的潜在方法，但会使患者暴露于潜在的性腺毒性化疗和/或放疗中，从而进一步损害生育能力。铁失衡也可能会降低男性生育能力。因此，遗传性铁超载疾病会导致组织中铁沉积，从而导致性腺功能减退和精子发生受损，而严重缺铁会导致贫血，从而减少促性腺激素的释放和精子数量。生殖泌尿科医生应参与红细胞疾病患者的综合护理，特别是在考虑性腺毒性治疗时，以确保生育问题得到适当的评估和管理。