Mitochondria are central hubs of cellular metabolism and are tightly connected to signaling pathways. The dynamic plasticity of mitochondria to fuse, divide, and contact other organelles to flux metabolites is central to their function. To ensure functionality and signaling interconnectivity, diverse molecular mechanisms evolved. An ancient and long-overlooked mechanism is the generation of mitochondrial-derived vesicles (MDVs) that shuttle selected mitochondrial cargoes to target organelles. Just recently, we gained significant insight into the mechanisms and functions of MDV transport, ranging from their role in mitochondrial quality control to immune signaling, thus demonstrating unexpected and diverse physiological aspects of MDV transport. This review highlights the origin of MDVs, their biogenesis, and their cargo selection, with a specific focus on the contribution of MDV transport to signaling across cell and organ barriers. Additionally, the implications of MDVs in peroxisome biogenesis, neurodegeneration, metabolism, aging, and cancer are discussed.

中文翻译：

---

线粒体衍生的囊泡在代谢、疾病和衰老中的作用

线粒体是细胞代谢的中枢，与信号通路紧密相连。线粒体融合、分裂和接触其他细胞器以流动代谢物的动态可塑性是其功能的核心。为了确保功能和信号互连，不同的分子机制不断发展。一个古老且长期被忽视的机制是线粒体衍生囊泡（MDV）的产生，它将选定的线粒体货物运送到目标细胞器。就在最近，我们对 MDV 运输的机制和功能有了深入的了解，从它们在线粒体质量控制中的作用到免疫信号传导，从而证明了 MDV 运输的意想不到的和多样化的生理方面。这篇综述重点介绍了 MDV 的起源、其生物发生及其货物选择，特别关注 MDV 运输对跨细胞和器官屏障信号传导的贡献。此外，还讨论了 MDV 在过氧化物酶体生物发生、神经变性、代谢、衰老和癌症中的影响。