Internalized sexual stigma is a well-established risk factor for poor mental health among sexual minority individuals. However, there has been no synthesis of the literature pertaining to risk and protective factors that influence the development of internalized sexual stigma over time. This systematic review presents findings from 31 studies addressing this question ( = 9192); 23 studies examined psychosocial and sociodemographic predictors of internalized sexual stigma among sexual minority individuals, and eight studies tested the effects of psychological interventions on internalized sexual stigma. Longitudinal studies highlight the stability of internalized sexual stigma over time, and the role of stigma and discrimination, proximal minority stressors (e.g., outness, concealment), and psychological factors (e.g., depressive and anxious symptoms, coping styles, and demoralization) in predicting subsequent internalized sexual stigma. Demographic factors appear to play only a limited role in predicting subsequent internalized sexual stigma. Finally, most intervention studies found no significant effects in reducing internalized sexual stigma, with three exceptions finding significant intervention effects among young sexual minority individuals. We conclude by outlining a theory-driven model of internalized stigma and a research agenda to test more nuanced models of internalized stigma that include multifactorial risk indices.

中文翻译：

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性少数群体内化性耻辱的系统回顾和研究议程：来自纵向和干预研究的证据

内在的性耻辱是性少数群体心理健康状况不佳的一个公认的危险因素。然而，目前还没有关于随着时间的推移影响内化性耻辱发展的风险和保护因素的文献综述。本系统综述介绍了针对该问题的 31 项研究的结果 (= 9192)； 23 项研究考察了性少数群体内化性耻辱的心理社会和社会人口学预测因素，8 项研究测试了心理干预对内化性耻辱的影响。纵向研究强调了内化性耻辱随着时间的推移的稳定性，以及耻辱和歧视、近端少数压力源（例如，公开、隐瞒）和心理因素（例如，抑郁和焦虑症状、应对方式和士气低落）在预测中的作用。随后内化的性耻辱。人口因素似乎在预测随后的内化性耻辱方面仅发挥有限的作用。最后，大多数干预研究发现在减少内在性耻辱方面没有显着效果，但三个例外发现对年轻性少数群体的干预效果显着。最后，我们概述了理论驱动的内在耻辱模型和研究议程，以测试包括多因素风险指数在内的更细致的内在耻辱模型。