Background

Diesel exhaust (DE) exposures pose concerns for serious health effects, including asthma and lung cancer, in California communities burdened by multiple stressors.

Objective

To evaluate DE exposures in disproportionately impacted communities using biomonitoring and compare results for adults and children within and between families.

Methods

We recruited 40 families in the San Francisco East Bay area. Two metabolites of 1-nitropyrene (1-NP), a marker for DE exposures, were measured in urine samples from parent–child pairs. For 25 families, we collected single-day spot urine samples during two sampling rounds separated by an average of four months. For the 15 other families, we collected daily spot urine samples over four consecutive days during the two sampling rounds. We also measured 1-NP in household dust and indoor air. Associations between urinary metabolite levels and participant demographics, season, and 1-NP levels in dust and air were evaluated.

Results

At least one 1-NP metabolite was present in 96.6% of the urine samples. Detection frequencies for 1-NP in dust and indoor air were 97% and 74%, respectively. Results from random effect models indicated that levels of the 1-NP metabolite 6-hydroxy-1-nitropyrene (6-OHNP) were significantly higher in parents compared with their children (p-value = 0.005). Urinary 1-NP metabolite levels were generally higher during the fall and winter months. Within-subject variability was higher than between-subject variability (~60% of total variance versus ~40%, respectively), indicating high short-term temporal variability.

Impact

Biomonitoring, coupled with air monitoring, improves understanding of hyperlocal air pollution impacts. Results from these studies will inform the design of effective exposure mitigation strategies in disproportionately affected communities.

中文翻译：

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东湾柴油暴露项目：对受影响严重的社区的父母及其孩子进行的生物监测研究

 背景

在承受多重压力的加州社区，柴油机尾气 (DE) 暴露会带来严重的健康影响，包括哮喘和肺癌。

 客观的

使用生物监测评估受影响较大的社区的 DE 暴露情况，并比较家庭内和家庭之间成人和儿童的结果。

 方法

我们在旧金山东湾地区招募了 40 个家庭。在亲子对的尿液样本中测量了 1-硝基芘 (1-NP) 的两种代谢物（DE 暴露的标志物）。我们在平均间隔四个月的两轮采样中收集了 25 个家庭的单日尿样。对于其他 15 个家庭，我们在两轮采样期间连续四天每天采集现场尿液样本。我们还测量了家庭灰尘和室内空气中的 1-NP。评估了尿液代谢水平与参与者人口统计、季节以及灰尘和空气中 1-NP 水平之间的关联。

 结果

96.6% 的尿液样本中至少存在一种 1-NP 代谢物。灰尘和室内空气中 1-NP 的检出率分别为 97% 和 74%。随机效应模型的结果表明，父母中 1-NP 代谢物 6-羟基-1-硝基芘 (6-OHNP) 的水平显着高于子女（p 值 = 0.005）。秋季和冬季，尿液 1-NP 代谢物水平通常较高。受试者内变异性高于受试者间变异性（分别为总方差的约 60% 和总方差的约 40%），表明短期时间变异性较高。

 影响

生物监测与空气监测相结合，可以提高对超本地空气污染影响的了解。这些研究的结果将为受影响严重的社区设计有效的暴露缓解策略提供信息。