The gut microbiome has important roles in host metabolism and immunity, and microbial dysbiosis affects human physiology and health. Maternal immunity and microbial metabolites during pregnancy, microbial transfer during birth, and transfer of immune factors, microorganisms and metabolites via breastfeeding provide critical sources of early-life microbial and immune training, with important consequences for human health. Only a few studies have directly examined the interactions between the gut microbiome and the immune system during pregnancy, and the subsequent effect on offspring development. In this Review, we aim to describe how the maternal microbiome shapes overall pregnancy-associated maternal, fetal and early neonatal immune systems, focusing on the existing evidence and highlighting current gaps to promote further research.

肠道微生物组在宿主代谢和免疫中发挥重要作用，微生物失调影响人体生理和健康。怀孕期间的母体免疫力和微生物代谢物，出生期间的微生物转移，以及通过母乳喂养进行的免疫因子、微生物和代谢物的转移，为生命早期微生物和免疫训练提供了重要来源，对人类健康产生重要影响。只有少数研究直接研究了怀孕期间肠道微生物组与免疫系统之间的相互作用，以及随后对后代发育的影响。在这篇综述中，我们的目的是描述母体微生物组如何塑造与妊娠相关的母体、胎儿和早期新生儿免疫系统，重点关注现有证据并强调当前的差距以促进进一步的研究。