Using data from the British Household Panel Study and the UK Household Longitudinal Study (1992–2019), this study investigates the impacts of partnership and parenthood on women's and men's paid work and unpaid work time and how these impacts have changed in the last three decades in Great Britain. We applied two fixed-effect models—one conventional, one novel—with individual constants and slopes to account for the selection and longitudinal changes in time use. We found that the gender-traditionalizing effect of partnership on the use of time has weakened over the years. Marriage did not affect women's and men's paid work time, and since the 2010s, marriage no longer affect women's and men's time spent on housework differently. However, motherhood continues to reduce women's paid work time substantially, and the extent of this impact has remained unchanged over the previous three decades. Partnership and parenthood have resulted in minor changes to men's paid work and unpaid work time; the extent of their effects has likewise remained modest over the previous three decades. Our findings suggest that in Britain, the gender revolution of the division of labor among parents has stalled, and family policies have not successfully increased mothers’ paid work time and fathers’ unpaid work time.

中文翻译：

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1992-2019 年英国伴侣关系和生育对有偿工作和无偿工作时间的性别影响

本研究利用英国家庭小组研究和英国家庭纵向研究（1992-2019）的数据，调查了伙伴关系和养育子女对女性和男性有偿工作和无偿工作时间的影响，以及这些影响在过去三十年中如何变化在英国。我们应用了两种固定效应模型——一种是传统的，一种是新颖的——具有单独的常数和斜率来解释时间使用的选择和纵向变化。我们发现，伴侣关系对时间利用的性别传统化影响多年来已经减弱。婚姻并没有影响女性和男性的有偿工作时间，而且自2010年代以来，婚姻不再对女性和男性花在家务上的时间产生不同的影响。然而，母亲身份继续大幅减少妇女的带薪工作时间，而且这种影响的程度在过去三十年中保持不变。伙伴关系和养育子女导致男性的有偿工作和无偿工作时间发生了微小的变化；在过去三十年中，它们的影响程度同样仍然不大。我们的研究结果表明，在英国，父母分工的性别革命已经停滞，家庭政策并没有成功增加母亲的带薪工作时间和父亲的无薪工作时间。