Calcium silicate (C3S) cements are available in kits that do not account for patients' specific needs or clinicians' preferences regarding setting time, radiopacity, mechanical, and handling properties. Moreover, slight variations in powder components and liquid content affect cement's properties and bioactivity. Unfortunately, it is virtually impossible to optimize several cement properties simultaneously via the traditional "one variable at a time" strategy, as inputs often induce trade-offs in properties (e.g., a higher water-to-powder ratio [W/P] increases flowability but decreases mechanical properties). Herein, we used Taguchi's methods and genetic algorithms (GAs) to simultaneously analyze the effect of multiple inputs (e.g., powder composition, radiopacifier concentration, and W/P) on setting time, pH, flowability, diametral tensile strength, and radiopacity, as well as prescribe recipes to produce cements with predicted properties. The properties of cements designed with GAs were experimentally tested, and the results matched the predictions. Finally, we show that the cements increased the genetic expression of odonto/osteogenic genes, alkaline phosphatase activity, and mineralization potential of dental pulp stem cells. Hence, GAs can produce cements with tailor-made properties and differentiation potential for personalized endodontic treatment.

中文翻译：

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设计具有按需特性的硅酸钙水泥，用于精密牙髓治疗。

硅酸钙 (C3S) 水泥以套件形式提供，但并未考虑患者的具体需求或临床医生在凝固时间、射线不透性、机械和操作性能方面的偏好。此外，粉末成分和液体含量的轻微变化会影响水泥的性能和生物活性。不幸的是，实际上不可能通过传统的“一次一个变量”策略同时优化多种水泥性能，因为投入通常会导致性能的权衡（例如，较高的水粉比 [W/P] 会增加）流动性但会降低机械性能）。在此，我们使用田口方法和遗传算法 (GA) 同时分析多个输入（例如粉末成分、不透辐射剂浓​​度和 W/P）对凝固时间、pH、流动性、直径拉伸强度和射线不透性的影响，如并制定配方来生产具有预测特性的水泥。对用 GA 设计的水泥的性能进行了实验测试，结果与预测相符。最后，我们发现水泥增加了牙髓/成骨基因的基因表达、碱性磷酸酶活性和牙髓干细胞的矿化潜力。因此，GA 可以生产具有定制特性和差异化潜力的水泥，用于个性化牙髓治疗。