Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is a unique phospholipid class with its indispensable role in photosynthesis and growth in land plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. PG is the only major phospholipid in the thylakoid membrane of cyanobacteria and plant chloroplasts and a main lipid component in photosynthetic protein-cofactor complexes such as photosystem I and photosystem II. In plants and algae, PG is also essential as a substrate for the biosynthesis of cardiolipin, which is a unique lipid present only in mitochondrial membranes and crucial for the functions of mitochondria. PG biosynthesis pathways in plants include three membranous organelles, plastids, mitochondria, and the endoplasmic reticulum in a complex manner. While the molecular biology underlying the role of PG in photosynthetic functions is well established, many enzymes responsible for the PG biosynthesis are only recently cloned and functionally characterized in the model plant species including Arabidopsis thaliana and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria such as Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. The characterization of those enzymes helps understand not only the metabolic flow for PG production but also the crosstalk of biosynthesis pathways between PG and other lipids. This review aims to summarize recent advances in the understanding of the PG biosynthesis pathway and functions of involved enzymes.

磷脂酰甘油（PG）是一种独特的磷脂类，在陆地植物、藻类和蓝细菌的光合作用和生长中发挥着不可或缺的作用。PG是蓝细菌和植物叶绿体类囊体膜中唯一的主要磷脂，也是光合蛋白-辅因子复合物（例如光系统I和光系统II）中的主要脂质成分。在植物和藻类中，PG 作为心磷脂生物合成的底物也是必需的，心磷脂是一种仅存在于线粒体膜中的独特脂质，对线粒体的功能至关重要。植物中的PG生物合成途径复杂地包括质体、线粒体和内质网三种膜细胞器。虽然 PG 在光合作用功能中的作用的分子生物学已得到充分证实，但许多负责 PG 生物合成的酶最近才在模型植物物种（包括拟南芥和莱茵衣藻）以及蓝藻（如集胞藻）中进行克隆和功能表征。PCC 6803。这些酶的表征不仅有助于了解 PG 生产的代谢流程，还有助于了解 PG 和其他脂质之间生物合成途径的串扰。本综述旨在总结对 PG 生物合成途径和相关酶功能的理解的最新进展。