The interest of the scientific community on sex and gender differences in health and disease has increased substantially over the past 25 to 30 y as a result of a long process of events and policies in the biomedical field. This is crucial as compelling evidence from human and animal model studies has demonstrated that sex and gender influence health, molecular and cellular processes, and response and predisposition to disease. The present scoping review aims to provide a synthesis of sex differences in oral diseases, ranging from periodontal disease to orofacial pain conditions, from risk of caries development to apical periodontitis. Overall, findings from this review further support a role for sexual dimorphism influencing disease predisposition and/or progression in oral diseases. Of note, this review also highlights the lack of consideration of additional factors such as gender and other psychosocial and external factors potentially influencing oral health and disease. New conceptual frameworks capable of capturing multiple fundamental domains and measurements should be developed in clinical and preclinical studies to inform sex-based individualized preventive and treatment strategies.

中文翻译：

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性别作为口腔疾病的生物变量：证据和未来前景。

由于生物医学领域的长期事件和政策进程，科学界对健康和疾病方面的性别和性别差异的兴趣在过去 25 至 30 年间大幅增加。这一点至关重要，因为来自人类和动物模型研究的令人信服的证据表明，性和性别会影响健康、分子和细胞过程以及对疾病的反应和易感性。本范围审查旨在提供口腔疾病中性别差异的综合，范围从牙周病到口面部疼痛，从龋齿发展风险到根尖周炎。总体而言，本综述的结果进一步支持性别二态性影响口腔疾病易感性和/或进展的作用。值得注意的是，该审查还强调缺乏考虑其他因素，例如性别以及可能影响口腔健康和疾病的其他社会心理和外部因素。应在临床和临床前研究中开发能够捕获多个基本领域和测量的新概念框架，以便为基于性别的个体化预防和治疗策略提供信息。