Majorana excitations are the quasiparticle analog of Majorana fermions in solid materials. Typical examples are the Majorana zero modes (MZMs) and the dispersing Majorana modes. When probed by scanning tunneling spectroscopy, the former manifest as a pronounced conductance peak locating precisely at zero-energy, while the latter behaves as constant or slowly varying density of states. The MZMs obey non-abelian statistics and are believed to be building blocks for topological quantum computing, which is highly immune to the environmental noise. Existing MZM platforms include hybrid structures such as topological insulator, semiconducting nanowire or 1D atomic chains on top of a conventional superconductor, and single materials such as the iron-based superconductors (IBSs) and 4Hb–TaS₂. Very recently, ordered and tunable MZM lattice has also been realized in IBS LiFeAs, providing a scalable and applicable platform for future topological quantum computation. In this review, we present an overview of the recent local probe studies on MZMs. Classified by the material platforms, we start with the MZMs in the iron-chalcogenide superconductors where FeTe_0.55Se_0.45 and (Li_0.84Fe_0.16)OHFeSe will be discussed. We then review the Majorana research in the iron-pnictide superconductors as well as other platforms beyond the IBSs. We further review recent works on ordered and tunable MZM lattice, showing that strain is a feasible tool to tune the topological superconductivity. Finally, we give our summary and perspective on future Majorana research.

中文翻译：

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铁基超导体上的大规模、有序和可调谐马约拉纳零模晶格


马约拉纳激发是固体材料中马约拉纳费米子的准粒子模拟。典型的例子是马约拉纳零模 (MZM) 和色散马约拉纳模。当通过扫描隧道光谱探测时，前者表现为精确位于零能量的明显电导峰，而后者表现为恒定或缓慢变化的态密度。 MZM 遵循非阿贝尔统计，被认为是拓扑量子计算的构建模块，对环境噪声具有高度的免疫力。现有的 MZM 平台包括传统超导体顶部的拓扑绝缘体、半导体纳米线或一维原子链等混合结构，以及铁基超导体 (IBS) 和 4Hb–TaS ₂ 等单一材料。最近，有序且可调谐的 MZM 晶格也已在 IBS LiFeAs 中实现，为未来的拓扑量子计算提供了可扩展且适用的平台。在这篇综述中，我们概述了最近关于 MZM 的本地探索研究。按材料平台分类，我们从铁硫族化物超导体中的 MZM 开始，其中 FeTe _0.55 Se _0.45 和 (Li _0.84 Fe _0.16