The present study was designed to evaluate whether elderberry (EB) effectively reduces inflammation and oxidative stress in hippocampal cells to modify seizure damage. Seizure was induced in rats by the injection of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ). In the Seizure + EB group, EB powder was added to the rats' routine diet for eight consecutive weeks. The study included several behavioral tests, immunohistopathology, Voronoi tessellation (to estimate the spatial distribution of cells in the hippocampus), and Sholl analysis. The results in the Seizure + EB group showed an improvement in the behavioral aspects of the study, a reduction in astrogliosis, astrocyte process length, number of branches, and intersections distal to the soma in the hippocampus of rats compared to controls. Further analysis showed that EB diet increased nuclear factor-like 2 expression and decreased caspase-3 expression in the hippocampus in the Seizure + EB group. In addition, EB protected hippocampal pyramidal neurons from PTZ toxicity and improved the spatial distribution of hippocampal neurons in the pyramidal layer and dentate gyrus. The results of the present study suggest that EB can be considered a potent modifier of astrocyte reactivation and inflammatory responses.

中文翻译：

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接骨木饮食对癫痫大鼠模型的抗炎和抗氧化作用：海马的行为和组织学研究。

本研究旨在评估接骨木浆果 (EB) 是否能有效减少海马细胞的炎症和氧化应激，从而改善癫痫发作损伤。通过注射戊四氮（PTZ）诱导大鼠癫痫发作。在Seizure + EB组中，连续八周将EB粉添加到大鼠的常规饮食中。该研究包括多项行为测试、免疫组织病理学、Voronoi 曲面细分（用于估计海马细胞的空间分布）和 Sholl 分析。Seizure + EB 组的结果显示，与对照组相比，大鼠海马体体远端的星形胶质细胞增生、星形胶质细胞突起长度、分支数量和交叉点有所减少，研究的行为方面有所改善。进一步分析表明，EB饮食增加了Seizure + EB组海马中核因子样2的表达并降低了caspase-3的表达。此外，EB保护海马锥体神经元免受PTZ毒性，并改善海马神经元在锥体层和齿状回的空间分布。本研究的结果表明，EB 可以被认为是星形胶质细胞再激活和炎症反应的有效调节剂。