Enamel hypoplasia (EH) is a prevalent developmental defect of teeth that can result from various insults, including prenatal nutrient deficiencies. This study aimed to evaluate the association between prenatal serum retinol deficiency and EH in the deciduous teeth of offspring at 2-y of age. A cohort of 1,450 pregnant women was enrolled, and their prenatal nutritional status was assessed between 12 and 14 wk of gestation. Maternal serum retinol, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), hemoglobin, body mass index, and birth outcomes, infant feeding practices, family socioeconomic status, and demographic information were recorded. Oral health examinations were conducted for the children semiannually, and EH was diagnosed using the Modified DDE index on all the surfaces of erupted teeth. A modified Poisson regression analysis was used to assess the cumulative risk of EH over a period of 2-y. A total of 920 (63.4%) mother-child pairs completed the study, and the cumulative EH prevalence among offspring after 2-y of follow-up was 16.5% (N = 152; 87/1,114 children in the first year and 132/920 in the second year, with 20/920 having EH only in the first year). After adjusting for potential confounders, maternal serum retinol deficiency significantly increased the risk of deciduous EH (risk ratio [RR], 2.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-3.7). In addition, deficient serum 25OHD (RR, 6.5; 95% CI, 4.0-10.7), caesarean delivery (RR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.0-2.4), Muslim (RR, 2.9; 95% CI, 2.0-4.1) and Christian (RR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.6-3.5) versus Hindu religions, and very preterm birth (RR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1-2.9) increased the risk of EH. Children presenting with EH had 2 or more teeth affected, and the maxillary incisors were the most frequently affected, followed by the first primary molars and canines. In conclusion, maternal serum retinol deficiency during the 12 to 14 wk of gestation may increase the risk of deciduous EH, besides the well-established 25OHD deficiency.

中文翻译：

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妊娠血清视黄醇缺乏与牙釉质发育不全有关。

牙釉质发育不全 (EH) 是一种常见的牙齿发育缺陷，可能由各种损伤引起，包括产前营养缺乏。本研究旨在评估产前血清视黄醇缺乏症与后代 2 岁乳牙 EH 之间的关系。纳入了 1,450 名孕妇的队列，并在妊娠 12 至 14 周期间评估了她们的产前营养状况。记录母亲血清视黄醇、血清 25-羟基维生素 D (25OHD)、血红蛋白、体重指数、出生结果、婴儿喂养方式、家庭社会经济状况和人口统计信息。每半年对儿童进行一次口腔健康检查，并使用所有萌出牙齿表面的改良DDE指数诊断EH。使用改良的泊松回归分析来评估 2 年期间 EH 的累积风险。共有 920 对 (63.4%) 母子完成了研究，随访 2 年后后代的累积 EH 患病率为 16.5%（N = 152；第一年 87/1,114 名儿童，132/1,114 名儿童）第二年为 920，其中 20/920 仅在第一年有 EH）。调整潜在的混杂因素后，母体血清视黄醇缺乏显着增加乳牙 EH 的风险（风险比 [RR]，2.0；95% 置信区间 [CI]，1.1-3.7）。此外，血清 25OHD 缺乏（RR，6.5；95% CI，4.0-10.7）、剖腹产（RR，1.6；95% CI，1.0-2.4）、穆斯林（RR，2.9；95% CI，2.0-4.1）与印度教相比，基督教（RR，2.4；95% CI，1.6-3.5）以及极早产（RR，1.7；95% CI，1.1-2.9）会增加 EH 的风险。患有 EH 的儿童有 2 颗或更多牙齿受影响，上颌切牙受影响最频繁，其次是第一乳磨牙和犬齿。总之，除了已确定的 25OHD 缺乏之外，妊娠 12 至 14 周期间母体血清视黄醇缺乏可能会增加乳牙性 EH 的风险。