This is an update of a previous review (Naumis et al 2017 Rep. Prog. Phys. 80 096501). Experimental and theoretical advances for straining graphene and other metallic, insulating, ferroelectric, ferroelastic, ferromagnetic and multiferroic 2D materials were considered. We surveyed (i) methods to induce valley and sublattice polarisation (P) in graphene, (ii) time-dependent strain and its impact on graphene’s electronic properties, (iii) the role of local and global strain on superconductivity and other highly correlated and/or topological phases of graphene, (iv) inducing polarisation P on hexagonal boron nitride monolayers via strain, (v) modifying the optoelectronic properties of transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers through strain, (vi) ferroic 2D materials with intrinsic elastic (σ), electric (P) and magnetic (M) polarisation under strain, as well as incipient 2D multiferroics and (vii) moiré bilayers exhibiting flat electronic bands and exotic quantum phase diagrams, and other bilayer or few-layer systems exhibiting ferroic orders tunable by rotations and shear strain. The update features the experimental realisations of a tunable two-dimensional Quantum Spin Hall effect in germanene, of elemental 2D ferroelectric bismuth, and 2D multiferroic NiI₂. The document was structured for a discussion of effects taking place in monolayers first, followed by discussions concerning bilayers and few-layers, and it represents an up-to-date overview of exciting and newest developments on the fast-paced field of 2D materials.

中文翻译：

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应变石墨烯和其他应变单层和多层的机械、电子、光学、压电和铁电特性：更新


这是之前评论的更新（Naumis 等人 2017 Rep. Prog. Phys. 80 096501）。考虑了应变石墨烯和其他金属、绝缘、铁电、铁弹性、铁磁和多铁性二维材料的实验和理论进展。我们调查了（i）在石墨烯中诱发谷极化和亚晶格极化（P）的方法，（ii）时间依赖性应变及其对石墨烯电子特性的影响，（iii）局部和全局应变对超导性和其他高度相关和/或石墨烯的拓扑相，（iv）通过应变在六方氮化硼单层上诱导极化P，（v）通过应变改变过渡金属二硫族化物单层的光电性质，（vi）具有固有弹性（σ）、电的铁性二维材料应变下的 (P) 和磁 (M) 极化，以及表现出平坦电子带和奇异量子相图的初期二维多铁性和 (vii) 莫尔双层，以及表现出可通过旋转和剪切调节的铁序的其他双层或几层系统拉紧。该更新的特点是在锗烯、元素二维铁电铋和二维多铁性 NiI ₂ 中实验实现了可调谐二维量子自旋霍尔效应。该文件的结构首先讨论了单层中发生的效应，然后讨论了双层和几层，它代表了快节奏的二维材料领域令人兴奋的最新发展的最新概述。