Fragmentation of bubbles and droplets in turbulence produces a dispersed phase spanning a broad range of scales, encompassing everything from droplets in nanoemulsions to centimeter-sized bubbles entrained in breaking waves. Along with deformation, fragmentation plays a crucial role in enhancing interfacial area, with far-reaching implications across various industries, including food, pharmaceuticals, and ocean engineering. However, understanding and modeling these processes are challenging due to the complexity of anisotropic and inhomogeneous turbulence typically involved, the unknown residence time in regions with different turbulence intensities, and difficulties arising from the density and viscosity ratios. Despite these challenges, recent advances have provided new insights into the underlying physics of deformation and fragmentation in turbulence. This review summarizes existing works in various fields, highlighting key results and uncertainties, and examining the impact on turbulence modulation, drag reduction, and heat and mass transfer.

中文翻译：

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湍流中气泡和水滴的变形和破裂

湍流中气泡和液滴的破碎产生了跨越广泛尺度的分散相，涵盖了从纳米乳液中的液滴到破碎波中夹带的厘米大小的气泡的一切。除了变形之外，破碎在增加界面面积方面也发挥着至关重要的作用，对食品、制药和海洋工程等各个行业产生深远的影响。然而，由于通常涉及各向异性和不均匀湍流的复杂性、不同湍流强度区域中的未知停留时间以及密度和粘度比引起的困难，理解和建模这些过程具有挑战性。尽管存在这些挑战，最近的进展为湍流中变形和破碎的基本物理提供了新的见解。本综述总结了各个领域的现有工作，强调了关键结果和不确定性，并研究了对湍流调制、减阻以及传热传质的影响。