From the end of the Napoleonic wars through the First World War, London was made into a historic city that showcased it as the heart of a growing empire. Waves of urban reform produced public spaces, such as Waterloo Place, that were populated with statues of military and imperial heroes involved in Britain's territorial conquests. The result was that London came to be imagined as old, designed in a neoclassical style that could be seen across the empire in cities such as Calcutta, which had been the capital of British India through the nineteenth century. Some statues installed in Calcutta were made in London and displayed at the Royal Academy or elsewhere before they were sent abroad. In spite of the seeming permanence of statues, this essay shows that throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, statues were moved on multiple occasions to respond to changing political and aesthetic demands.

中文翻译：

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移动雕像：从伦敦滑铁卢广场到加尔各答独立广场的帝国纪念碑

从拿破仑战争结束到第一次世界大战，伦敦成为一座历史名城，展示了它作为不断发展的帝国的中心。城市改革浪潮催生了滑铁卢广场等公共空间，里面矗立着参与英国领土征服的军事和帝国英雄的雕像。结果是伦敦被想象成古老的、以新古典主义风格设计的城市，这种风格在整个帝国的城市中都可以看到，比如加尔各答，加尔各答在整个十九世纪一直是英属印度的首都。安装在加尔各答的一些雕像是在伦敦制作的，在被送往国外之前在皇家学院或其他地方展出。尽管雕像看似永恒，但本文表明，在整个十九世纪和二十世纪初期，雕像多次被移动，以应对不断变化的政治和审美需求。