The abandoned Allchar Mine in the Republic of North Macedonia is a globally unique deposit with the highest known grades of thallium (Tl) and arsenic (As) mineralization. We aimed to determine the distribution of As and Tl in whole dehydrated shoots of the three Viola taxa using synchrotron micro-X-ray fluorescence analysis. Additionally, soil and plant organ samples were collected from all three Viola taxa at the Allchar site and analysed using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. Concentrations of Tl were extremely high in all three Viola taxa (up to 58 900 mg kg-1), but concentrations of As were highly variable with V. tricolor subsp. macedonica and V. allchariensis having low As (up to 20.2 and 26.3 mg kg-1, respectively) and V. arsenica having the highest concentrations (up to 381 mg kg-1). The extremely high Tl in all three species is endogenous and not a result of contamination. Arsenic in V. tricolor subsp. macedonica and V. allcharensis is strongly affected by contamination, but not in V. arsenica where it appears to be endogenous. The pattern of As enrichment in V. arsenica is very unusual and coincides with Ca-oxalate deposits and Br hotspots. The results of this study could form the basis for more detailed investigations under controlled conditions, including plant dosing experiments.

中文翻译：

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通过同步加速器 µXRF 成像证实了 Allchar 砷铊矿床（北马其顿）紫罗兰的铊超富集状态。

北马其顿共和国废弃的 Allchar 矿是全球独一无二的矿床，具有已知品位最高的铊 (Tl) 和砷 (As) 矿化。我们的目的是使用同步加速器微 X 射线荧光分析确定三个堇菜类群的整个脱水芽中 As 和 Tl 的分布。此外，还从 Allchar 遗址的所有三个堇菜类群中收集了土壤和植物器官样本，并使用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法进行了分析。所有三个堇菜类群中的 Tl 浓度都极高（高达 58 900 mg kg-1），但 As 浓度在三色堇菜亚种中变化很大。macedonica 和 V. allchariensis 的 As 含量较低（分别高达 20.2 和 26.3 mg kg-1），而 V. arsenica 的 As 浓度最高（高达 381 mg kg-1）。所有三个物种中极高的 Tl 都是内源性的，而不是污染的结果。V. tricolor subsp. 中的砷。macedonica 和 V. allcharensis 受污染影响很大，但 V. arsenica 则不受污染影响，后者似乎是内源性的。V.砷中砷的富集模式非常不寻常，与草酸钙矿床和溴热点相一致。这项研究的结果可以为受控条件下更详细的研究（包括植物剂量实验）奠定基础。