Social neuroscience has often been criticized for approaching the investigation of the neural processes that enable social interaction and cognition from a passive, detached, third-person perspective, without involving any real-time social interaction. With the emergence of second-person neuroscience, investigators have uncovered the unique complexity of neural-activation patterns in actual, real-time interaction. Social cognition that occurs during social interaction is fundamentally different from that unfolding during social observation. However, it remains unclear how the neural correlates of social interaction are to be interpreted. Here, we leverage the active-inference framework to shed light on the mechanisms at play during social interaction in second-person neuroscience studies. Specifically, we show how counterfactually rich mutual predictions, real-time bodily adaptation, and policy selection explain activation in components of the default mode, salience, and frontoparietal networks of the brain, as well as in the basal ganglia. We further argue that these processes constitute the crucial neural processes that underwrite bona fide social interaction. By placing the experimental approach of second-person neuroscience on the theoretical foundation of the active-inference framework, we inform the field of social neuroscience about the mechanisms of real-life interactions. We thereby contribute to the theoretical foundations of empirical second-person neuroscience.

中文翻译：

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第二人称神经科学的主动推理方法。

社会神经科学经常受到批评，因为它从被动的、独立的、第三人称的角度来研究实现社会互动和认知的神经过程，而不涉及任何实时的社会互动。随着第二人称神经科学的出现，研究人员发现了实际实时交互中神经激活模式的独特复杂性。社会互动过程中发生的社会认知与社会观察过程中展开的社会认知有着根本的不同。然而，目前尚不清楚如何解释社交互动的神经相关性。在这里，我们利用主动推理框架来阐明第二人称神经科学研究中社交互动过程中发挥作用的机制。具体来说，我们展示了丰富的反事实相互预测、实时身体适应和策略选择如何解释大脑的默认模式、显着性和额顶叶网络以及基底神经节的激活。我们进一步认为，这些过程构成了支持真正社会互动的关键神经过程。通过将第二人称神经科学的实验方法置于主动推理框架的理论基础上，我们向社会神经科学领域介绍了现实生活中相互作用的机制。因此，我们为实证第二人称神经科学的理论基础做出了贡献。