Background

Male youth soccer players competing at a high level will typically engage in large volumes of soccer training from a young age. However, it is not known whether the high levels of habitual training that these high-performing players are exposed to limit their ability to respond to strength, plyometric or combined training interventions.

Objective

The primary aim of our systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare the specific effects of strength, plyometric and combined training with active controls (standard soccer training) on the strength, power and speed characteristics of high-level, highly trained young male soccer players.

Methods

We performed a literature search across PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus to identify controlled studies that implemented strength, plyometric or combined training in high-level male youth soccer players. Participants were defined as high level or highly trained based on established guidelines related to either competition level or age-related weekly hours spent in soccer training. Studies needed to report at least one outcome of lower body strength, squat jump, countermovement jump, horizontal power, acceleration (0–10 m), speed (15–40 m) or change of direction speed. A meta-analysis was then performed using a random-effects model to determine the magnitude (Hedge’s g) of training responses and whether effects differed across modes of training.

Results

From an initial return of 5464 papers, n = 34 studies met the inclusion criteria and provided a total sample of n = 1396 high-level male youth soccer players. Strength, plyometric and combined training resulted in improvements in strength, squat and countermovement jump, horizontal power, acceleration, change of direction speed (all p < 0.05; g = 0.73–1.08, moderate) and speed (p < 0.05; g = 0.40–0.59, small). Lower body strength was the only outcome where training mode had a significant effect (p < 0.05), with plyometric training producing small effects (g = 0.27, p < 0.05) compared with moderate effects for strength (g = 1.07, p < 0.05) and combined (g = 0.75, p < 0.05) training. Prediction intervals for overall effects (all training modes combined) showed that the greatest confidence that future training will lead to positive effects was in the squat and countermovement jump, horizontal power and acceleration (prediction intervals = 0.03–1.81).

Conclusions

High-level, highly trained male youth soccer players can experience positive gains in indices of strength, power and speed from strength, plyometric and combined training, and the magnitude of gains are mostly similar across modes of training. Based on prediction intervals, there is a good level of certainty that future strength, plyometric and combined training in this population would lead to positive improvements in vertical and horizontal power and sprint acceleration.

中文翻译：

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力量、增强式和组合训练对高水平、训练有素的男性青少年足球运动员力量、力量和速度特征的影响：系统回顾和荟萃分析

背景

参加高水平比赛的男性青少年足球运动员通常会从小就进行大量的足球训练。然而，尚不清楚这些高水平运动员所接受的高水平习惯性训练是否会限制他们对力量、增强式或组合训练干预的反应能力。

客观的

我们系统评价和荟萃分析的主要目的是比较力量、增强式训练和主动控制的组合训练（标准足球训练）对高水平、训练有素的年轻男子足球的力量、爆发力和速度特征的具体影响玩家。

方法

我们对 PubMed、Scopus、CINAHL、Web of Science 和 SPORTDiscus 进行了文献检索，以确定对高水平男子青少年足球运动员实施力量、增强式或组合训练的对照研究。根据与比赛水平或与年龄相关的每周足球训练时间相关的既定指南，参与者被定义为高水平或训练有素的参与者。研究需要报告至少一项下半身力量、深蹲跳、反向运动跳、水平力量、加速度（0-10 m）、速度（15-40 m）或变向速度的结果。然后使用随机效应模型进行荟萃分析，以确定训练反应的幅度（Hedge's g）以及不同训练模式的效果是否不同。

结果

从最初返回的 5464 篇论文中，n  = 34 项研究符合纳入标准，并提供了n  = 1396 名高水平男性青少年足球运动员的总样本。力量、增强式训练和组合训练提高了力量、深蹲和反向运动跳跃、水平力量、加速度、变向速度（所有 p < 0.05；g = 0.73–1.08，中等 ）和 速度（p  < 0.05；g  = 0.40） –0.59，小）。较低的身体力量是训练模式具有显着影响的唯一结果 ( p  < 0.05)，与力量的中等影响 ( g  = 1.07，p  < 0.05) 相比，增强式训练产生的影响较小 ( g  = 0.27，p  < 0.05)和组合（g  = 0.75，p  < 0.05）训练。总体效果的预测区间（所有训练模式组合）表明，未来训练将带来积极效果的最大信心在于深蹲和反向运动跳跃、水平力量和加速度（预测区间= 0.03-1.81）。

结论

高水平、训练有素的男性青少年足球运动员可以通过力量训练、增强式训练和综合训练在力量、爆发力和速度指数方面获得积极的收益，而且不同训练模式的收益幅度大多相似。根据预测区间，可以很好地确定该人群未来的力量、增强式和组合训练将导致垂直和水平力量以及冲刺加速度的积极改善。