Ro52 (TRIM21) belongs to the ubiquitin ligase family. This protein plays a crucial role in many immunological processes, including antibody-dependent intracellular neutralization, synergy with the complement system, antiviral response, death mediation, oxidative stress response, and protein ubiquitination. Abnormal expression of TRIM21 can break immunological tolerance and lead to the production of autoantibodies against TRIM21. Antibodies against TRIM21 are detected in various autoimmune diseases, including Sjögren's syndrome (SS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), or myositis. However, anti-TRIM21 presence is not limited to autoimmune connective tissue disorders. It was observed in patients with malignancies, various cancerous processes, infectious diseases, and idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. The occurrence of TRIM21 autoantibodies is also associated with clinical features, such as the prevalence of interstitial lung diseases and cardiac or haematological involvement in connective tissue disorders. The purpose of this review was to summarize current knowledge of the immunological functions of TRIM21 and analyze the clinical implications of anti-TRIM21 antibodies in the disease course.

Ro52 (TRIM21) 属于泛素连接酶家族。这种蛋白质在许多免疫过程中发挥着至关重要的作用，包括抗体依赖性细胞内中和、与补体系统的协同作用、抗病毒反应、死亡介导、氧化应激反应和蛋白质泛素化。TRIM21 的异常表达会破坏免疫耐受并导致产生针对 TRIM21 的自身抗体。TRIM21 抗体可在多种自身免疫性疾病中检测到，包括干燥综合征 (SS)、系统性红斑狼疮 (SLE) 或肌炎。然而，抗 TRIM21 的存在并不限于自身免疫性结缔组织疾病。在患有恶性肿瘤、各种癌变、传染病和特发性间质性肺炎的患者中观察到了这一现象。TRIM21 自身抗体的出现还与临床特征相关，例如间质性肺疾病的患病率以及结缔组织疾病中的心脏或血液学受累。本综述的目的是总结目前对 TRIM21 免疫功能的认识，并分析抗 TRIM21 抗体在疾病过程中的临床意义。