3D printing offers attractive opportunities for large-volume bone regeneration in the oro-dental and craniofacial regions. This is enabled by the development of CAD-CAM technologies that support the design and manufacturing of anatomically accurate meshes and scaffolds. This review describes the main 3D-printing technologies utilized for the fabrication of these patient-matched devices, and reports on their pre-clinical and clinical performance including the occurrence of complications for vertical bone augmentation and craniofacial applications. Furthermore, the regulatory pathway for approval of these devices is discussed, highlighting the main hurdles and obstacles. Finally, the review elaborates on a variety of strategies for increasing bone regeneration capacity and explores the future of 4D bioprinting and biodegradable metal 3D printing.

中文翻译：

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用于骨再生的 3D 打印：实现可预测性的挑战和机遇

3D 打印为口腔牙齿和颅面区域的大体积骨再生提供了诱人的机会。这是通过 CAD-CAM 技术的发展实现的，这些技术支持解剖学上精确的网格和支架的设计和制造。本综述描述了用于制造这些患者匹配设备的主要 3D 打印技术，并报告了其临床前和临床性能，包括垂直骨增量和颅面应用的并发症的发生情况。此外，还讨论了批准这些设备的监管途径，强调了主要障碍和障碍。最后，该综述详细阐述了提高骨再生能力的多种策略，并探讨了 4D 生物打印和可生物降解金属 3D 打印的未来。