The oil and gas (O&G) industry has expanded significantly and brought to the surface large volumes of saline water called produced water (PW), which comprises of underground formation water, injection water, and chemical additives used during extraction and production. PW is traditionally managed via injection wells, evaporation/seepage pits, or recycling for on-site operations. There is increasing interest in PW treatment and reuse outside O&G fields due to freshwater scarcity and concerns about seismic events linked to deep-well injection. Adopting treated PW for reuse outside the O&G sector needs to address the challenges of complex water chemistry, limited toxicity data, and knowledge gaps for appropriate regulatory responses, including risk assessment frameworks on human health and the environment, socio-technical–economic assessments of treatment and reuse applications, and long-term demonstrations and monitoring of fit-for-purpose reuse. This opinion paper proposes a holistic, state-of-the-science pathway for PW treatment, management, and fit-for-purpose reuse outside O&G fields.

中文翻译：

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油气田外经处理的采出水安全回用？对采出水处理和适合用途的再利用的当前实践、挑战、机遇和基于风险的途径进行回顾

石油和天然气 (O&G) 行业大幅扩张，并将大量称为采出水 (PW) 的盐水带到地表，其中包括地下地层水、注入水以及开采和生产过程中使用的化学添加剂。传统上，污水处理是通过注入井、蒸发/渗坑或现场回收进行管理。由于淡水稀缺以及对深井注入相关地震事件的担忧，人们对油气田之外的纯净水处理和再利用越来越感兴趣。采用经过处理的纯净水在石油和天然气行业之外再利用需要解决复杂的水化学、有限的毒性数据以及适当监管应对方面的知识差距的挑战，包括人类健康和环境的风险评估框架、处理的社会技术经济评估和再利用应用程序，以及适合目的的再利用的长期演示和监控。这份意见文件提出了一条全面的、最科学的途径，用于油气领域之外的废水处理、管理和适合用途的再利用。