In 2021, we showed that naive human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can differentiate into trophoblasts via trophectoderm (TE)-like cells. Since TE is a pre-implantation stage of trophoblasts constituting blastocysts, naive human PSCs are an invaluable tool for understanding the entire process of trophoblast development. It has been reported for many years that primed human PSCs can also differentiate into the trophoblast lineage. The in vitro differentiation of naive and primed human PSCs hints at the possibility that human pre- and even post-implantation epiblasts retain the differentiation potential into the trophoblast lineages in vivo. Here, we review the in vitro specification of trophoblasts from human PSCs. Moreover, we discuss the different trophoblast differentiation pathways from naive and primed PSCs.

2021 年，我们发现初始人类多能干细胞 (PSC) 可以通过滋养外胚层 (TE) 样细胞分化为滋养层细胞。由于 TE 是构成囊胚的滋养层细胞的植入前阶段，因此原始人类 PSC 是了解滋养层发育整个过程的宝贵工具。多年来已有报道称，经引发的人类 PSC 也可以分化为滋养层谱系。初始和引发的人类 PSC 的体外分化暗示了人类植入前甚至植入后外胚层在体内保留分化为滋养层谱系的潜力的可能性。在这里，我们回顾了人类 PSC 滋养层细胞的体外规格。此外，我们还讨论了初始 PSC 和引发 PSC 的不同滋养层分化途径。