Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology ( IF 4.5 ) Pub Date : 2023-10-05 , DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00606-1 Danielle N Medgyesi 1 , Mohammed Nuhu Mujtaba 2 , Qiang Yang 3, 4 , Sulemana Watara Abubakari 2 , Alison G Lee 5 , Jeremy Porter 1, 6 , Steven N Chillrud 3 , Seyram Kaali 2 , Darby W Jack 1 , Kwaku Poku Asante 2
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Background
Personal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from household air pollution is well-documented in sub-Saharan Africa, but spatiotemporal patterns of exposure are poorly characterized.
Objective
We used paired GPS and personal PM2.5 data to evaluate changes in exposure across location-time environments (e.g., household and community, during cooking and non-cooking hours), building density and proximity to roadways.
Methods
Our study included 259 sessions of geolocated, gravimetrically-calibrated one-minute personal PM2.5 measurements from participants in the GRAPHS Child Lung Function Study. The household vicinity was defined using a 50-meter buffer around participants’ homes. Community boundaries were developed using a spatial clustering algorithm applied to an open-source dataset of building footprints in Africa. For each GPS location, we estimated building density (500 m buffer) and proximity to roadways (100 m buffer). We estimated changes in PM2.5 exposure by location (household, community), time of day (morning/evening cooking hours, night), building density, and proximity to roadways using linear mixed effect models.
Results
Relative to nighttime household exposure, PM2.5 exposure during evening cooking hours was 2.84 (95%CI = 2.70–2.98) and 1.80 (95%CI = 1.54–2.10) times higher in the household and community, respectively. Exposures were elevated in areas with the highest versus lowest quartile of building density (FactorQ1vsQ4 = 1.60, 95%CI = 1.42–1.80). The effect of building density was strongest during evening cooking hours, and influenced levels in both the household and community (31% and 65% relative increase from Q1 to Q4, respectively). Being proximal to a trunk, tertiary or track roadway increased exposure by a factor of 1.16 (95%CI = 1.07–1.25), 1.68 (95%CI = 1.45–1.95) and 1.27 (95%CI = 1.06–1.53), respectively.
Impact
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Household air pollution from cooking with solid fuels in sub-Saharan Africa is a major environmental concern for maternal and child health. Our study advances previous knowledge by quantifying the impact of household cooking activities on air pollution levels in the community, and identifying two geographic features, building density and roadways, that contribute to maternal and child daily exposure. Household cooking contributes to higher air pollution levels in the community especially in areas with greater building density. Findings underscore the need for equitable clean household energy transitions that reach entire communities to reduce health risks from household and outdoor air pollution.
中文翻译：
加纳金坦波孕产妇和儿童接触细颗粒物的地理空间决定因素：家庭和社区内的水平，按周围建筑密度和道路附近划分
背景
在撒哈拉以南非洲地区，个人接触家庭空气污染造成的细颗粒物 (PM 2.5 ) 的情况已有充分记录，但接触的时空模式却很少被描述。
客观的
我们使用配对的 GPS 和个人 PM 2.5数据来评估不同位置-时间环境（例如，家庭和社区、烹饪和非烹饪时间）的暴露变化、建筑密度和与道路的距离。
方法
我们的研究包括GRAPHS 儿童肺功能研究参与者进行的259 次地理定位、重力校准的一分钟个人 PM 2.5测量。家庭附近区域是通过参与者家周围 50 米的缓冲区来定义的。社区边界是使用空间聚类算法开发的，该算法应用于非洲建筑足迹的开源数据集。对于每个 GPS 位置，我们估计了建筑密度（500 m 缓冲区）和与道路的距离（100 m 缓冲区）。我们使用线性混合效应模型根据地点（家庭、社区）、一天中的时间（早上/晚上的烹饪时间、夜间）、建筑密度和与道路的距离来估计 PM 2.5暴露的变化。
结果
相对于夜间家庭暴露，家庭和社区晚上做饭时PM 2.5暴露分别高 2.84 (95%CI = 2.70–2.98) 和 1.80 (95%CI = 1.54–2.10) 倍。建筑密度最高和最低四分位数的区域的暴露量较高（因子Q1vsQ4 = 1.60，95%CI = 1.42–1.80）。建筑密度的影响在晚上做饭时间最强，并且影响家庭和社区的水平（从第一季度到第四季度分别相对增加 31% 和 65%）。靠近主干道、三级道路或轨道道路时，暴露量分别增加 1.16 (95%CI = 1.07–1.25)、1.68 (95%CI = 1.45–1.95) 和 1.27 (95%CI = 1.06–1.53) 倍。
影响
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撒哈拉以南非洲地区使用固体燃料烹饪造成的家庭空气污染是影响孕产妇和儿童健康的主要环境问题。我们的研究通过量化家庭烹饪活动对社区空气污染水平的影响，并确定了导致孕产妇和儿童日常暴露的两个地理特征，即建筑密度和道路，推进了先前的知识。家庭烹饪会导致社区空气污染水平升高，尤其是在建筑密度较高的地区。研究结果强调，需要实现公平的清洁家庭能源转型，覆盖整个社区，以减少家庭和室外空气污染带来的健康风险。
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