Background

Advances in drinking water infrastructure and treatment throughout the 20^th and early 21^st century dramatically improved water reliability and quality in the United States (US) and other parts of the world. However, numerous chemical contaminants from a range of anthropogenic and natural sources continue to pose chronic health concerns, even in countries with established drinking water regulations, such as the US.

Objective/Methods

In this review, we summarize exposure risk profiles and health effects for seven legacy and emerging drinking water contaminants or contaminant groups: arsenic, disinfection by-products, fracking-related substances, lead, nitrate, per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) and uranium. We begin with an overview of US public water systems, and US and global drinking water regulation. We end with a summary of cross-cutting challenges that burden US drinking water systems: aging and deteriorated water infrastructure, vulnerabilities for children in school and childcare facilities, climate change, disparities in access to safe and reliable drinking water, uneven enforcement of drinking water standards, inadequate health assessments, large numbers of chemicals within a class, a preponderance of small water systems, and issues facing US Indigenous communities.

Results

Research and data on US drinking water contamination show that exposure profiles, health risks, and water quality reliability issues vary widely across populations, geographically and by contaminant. Factors include water source, local and regional features, aging water infrastructure, industrial or commercial activities, and social determinants. Understanding the risk profiles of different drinking water contaminants is necessary for anticipating local and general problems, ascertaining the state of drinking water resources, and developing mitigation strategies.

Impact statement

Drinking water contamination is widespread, even in the US. Exposure risk profiles vary by contaminant. Understanding the risk profiles of different drinking water contaminants is necessary for anticipating local and general public health problems, ascertaining the state of drinking water resources, and developing mitigation strategies.

中文翻译：

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美国饮用水质量：七种遗留和新兴污染物的暴露风险概况

背景

^{整个 20世纪}和 21 世纪初，^饮用水基础设施和处理方面的进步极大地提高了美国和世界其他地区的水可靠性和质量。然而，来自一系列人为和自然来源的大量化学污染物继续造成长期的健康问题，即使在美国等制定了饮用水法规的国家也是如此。

目的/方法

在这篇综述中，我们总结了七种传统和新兴饮用水污染物或污染物组的暴露风险概况和健康影响：砷、消毒副产品、水力压裂相关物质、铅、硝酸盐、全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）和铀。我们首先概述美国公共供水系统以及美国和全球饮用水监管。最后，我们总结了给美国饮用水系统带来负担的跨领域挑战：老化和恶化的供水基础设施、学校和托儿设施中儿童的脆弱性、气候变化、获得安全可靠饮用水的差异、饮用水执法不均标准、健康评估不充分、同一类化学品数量较多、小型供水系统占主导地位，

结果

关于美国饮用水污染的研究和数据表明，暴露情况、健康风险和水质可靠性问题因人群、地理位置和污染物的不同而存在很大差异。因素包括水源、当地和区域特征、老化的水利基础设施、工业或商业活动以及社会决定因素。了解不同饮用水污染物的风险概况对于预测当地和一般问题、确定饮用水资源状况和制定缓解策略是必要的。

影响报告

即使在美国，饮用水污染也很普遍。暴露风险概况因污染物而异。了解不同饮用水污染物的风险概况对于预测当地和一般公共卫生问题、确定饮用水资源状况和制定缓解策略是必要的。