The ocean enabled the diversification of life on Earth by adding O2 to the atmosphere, yet marine species remain most subject to O2 limitation. Human industrialization is intensifying the aerobic challenges to marine ecosystems by depleting the ocean's O2 inventory through the global addition of heat and local addition of nutrients. Historical observations reveal an ∼2% decline in upper-ocean O2 and accelerating reports of coastal mass mortality events. The dynamic balance of O2 supply and demand provides a unifying framework for understanding these phenomena across scales from the global ocean to individual organisms. Using this framework, we synthesize recent advances in forecasting O2 loss and its impacts on marine biogeography, biodiversity, and biogeochemistry. We also highlight three outstanding uncertainties: how long-term global climate change intensifies ocean weather events in which simultaneous heat and hypoxia create metabolic storms, how differential species O2 sensitivities alter the structure of ecological communities, and how global O2 loss intersects with coastal eutrophication. Projecting these interacting impacts on future marine ecosystems requires integration of climate dynamics, biogeochemistry, physiology, and ecology, evaluated with an eye on Earth history. Reducing global and local impacts of warming and O2 loss will be essential if humankind is to preserve the health and biodiversity of the future ocean.

中文翻译：

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气候、氧气和海洋生物多样性的未来

海洋通过添加 O 使地球上的生命多样化2大气中，但海洋物种仍然最容易受到 O 的影响2局限性。人类工业化消耗了海洋的氧气，加剧了对海洋生态系统的有氧挑战2通过全局添加热量和局部添加营养物质来库存。历史观测显示上层海洋 O2 下降约 2%2并加快沿海大规模死亡事件的报告。 O的动态平衡2供需关系为理解从全球海洋到个体生物体等各个尺度的这些现象提供了一个统一的框架。使用这个框架，我们综合了预测 O 的最新进展。2损失及其对海洋生物地理学、生物多样性和生物地球化学的影响。我们还强调了三个突出的不确定性：长期的全球气候变化如何加剧海洋天气事件，其中高温和缺氧同时产生代谢风暴，物种 O 的差异如何2敏感性改变了生态群落的结构，以及全球氧气如何改变2损失与沿海富营养化相交叉。预测这些对未来海洋生态系统的相互作用的影响需要整合气候动力学、生物地球化学、生理学和生态学，并结合地球历史进行评估。减少变暖和氧气对全球和当地的影响2如果人类要保护未来海洋的健康和生物多样性，损失将是至关重要的。