Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent anthropogenic chemicals ubiquitously detected in aqueous environments. Ion exchange (IX) process is one viable technology that has exhibited promising potentials for effective removal of PFAS. IX resins offer the ability to be regenerated and reused but leave a PFAS-laden concentrate that must be treated before environmental discharge. Advanced oxidation/reduction processes such as photo- and electrochemical processes can degrade a wide range of PFAS structures, where their standalone and coupled deployment as well as integration with IX process are reviewed herein. This review identifies superior IX resin structures and novel photomediators/catalysts and electrode materials that propose prospective research lines in PFAS remediation. The knowledge obtained from this review is beneficial from both theoretical and practical perspectives for realizing sustainable remediation of PFAS.

中文翻译：

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用于全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质处理的离子交换和高级氧化/还原工艺：小型综述

全氟烷基物质和多氟烷基物质 (PFAS) 是在水环境中普遍检测到的持久性人为化学物质。离子交换 (IX) 工艺是一种可行的技术，在有效去除 PFAS 方面展现出良好的潜力。IX 树脂具有再生和再利用的能力，但会留下含有 PFAS 的浓缩物，必须在排放到环境之前对其进行处理。先进的氧化/还原过程（例如光和电化学过程）可以降解各种 PFAS 结构，本文回顾了它们的独立和耦合部署以及与 IX 过程的集成。本综述确定了优异的 IX 树脂结构和新型光介体/催化剂和电极材料，提出了 PFAS 修复的前瞻性研究方向。从本次综述中获得的知识从理论和实践角度都有益于实现 PFAS 的可持续修复。