This paper describes updates to NASA’s approach for assessing and mitigating spaceflight-induced risks to human health and performance. This approach continues to evolve to meet dynamically changing risk environments: lunar missions are currently being designed and the ultimate destination will be Mars. Understanding the risks that astronauts will face during a Mars mission will depend on building an evidence base that informs not only how the humans respond to the challenges of the spaceflight environment, but also how systems and vehicles can be designed to support human capabilities and limitations. This publication documents updates to the risk management process used by the Human System Risk Board at NASA and includes changes to the likelihood and consequence matrix used by the board, the design reference mission categories and parameters, and the standardized evaluation of the levels of evidence that the board accepts when setting risk posture. Causal diagramming, using directed acyclic graphs, provides all stakeholders with the current understanding of how each risk proceeds from a spaceflight hazard to a mission-level outcome. This standardized approach enables improved communication among stakeholders and delineates how and where more knowledge can improve perspective of human system risks and which countermeasures can best mitigate these risks.

本文介绍了 NASA 评估和减轻太空飞行对人类健康和表现造成的风险的方法的更新。这种方法不断发展，以满足动态变化的风险环境：目前正在设计月球任务，最终目的地将是火星。了解宇航员在火星任务期间将面临的风险将取决于建立一个证据基础，该基础不仅可以告知人类如何应对太空飞行环境的挑战，还可以告知如何设计系统和车辆来支持人类的能力和局限性。本出版物记录了 NASA 人类系统风险委员会使用的风险管理流程的更新，包括委员会使用的可能性和后果矩阵的更改、设计参考任务类别和参数，以及对以下证据级别的标准化评估：董事会在设定风险状况时接受。使用有向非循环图的因果图可以让所有利益相关者了解每种风险如何从航天危险发展到任务级结果。这种标准化方法可以改善利益相关者之间的沟通，并描述更多知识如何以及在何处可以改善人类系统风险的视角，以及哪些对策可以最好地减轻这些风险。