In the outer solar system, a growing number of giant planet satellites are now known to be abodes for global oceans hidden below an outer layer of ice. These planetary oceans are a natural laboratory for studying physical oceanographic processes in settings that challenge traditional assumptions made for Earth's oceans. While some driving mechanisms are common to both systems, such as buoyancy-driven flows and tides, others, such as libration, precession, and electromagnetic pumping, are likely more significant for moons in orbit around a host planet. Here, we review these mechanisms and how they may operate across the solar system, including their implications for ice–ocean interactions. Future studies should continue to advance our understanding of each of these processes as well as how they may act together in concert. This interplay also has strong implications for habitability as well as testing oceanic hypotheses with future missions.

中文翻译：

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冰覆盖卫星的物理海洋学

在太阳系外层，越来越多的巨型行星卫星现在被认为是隐藏在外层冰层下的全球海洋的住所。这些行星海洋是研究物理海洋学过程的天然实验室，挑战了对地球海洋的传统假设。虽然一些驱动机制对于两个系统来说是共同的，例如浮力驱动的流动和潮汐，但其他驱动机制，例如平动、进动和​​电磁泵，对于围绕主行星轨道运行的卫星来说可能更为重要。在这里，我们回顾了这些机制以及它们如何在整个太阳系中运作，包括它们对冰-海洋相互作用的影响。未来的研究应该继续增进我们对每个过程以及它们如何协同作用的理解。这种相互作用也对宜居性以及通过未来任务测试海洋假设产生了重大影响。