Marine invertebrates are ecologically and economically important and have formed holobionts by evolving symbiotic relationships with cellular and acellular microorganisms that reside in and on their tissues. In recent decades, significant focus on symbiotic cellular microorganisms has led to the discovery of various functions and a considerable expansion of our knowledge of holobiont functions. Despite this progress, our understanding of symbiotic acellular microorganisms remains insufficient, impeding our ability to achieve a comprehensive understanding of marine holobionts. In this review, we highlight the abundant viruses, with a particular emphasis on bacteriophages; provide an overview of their diversity, especially in extensively studied sponges and corals; and examine their potential life cycles. In addition, we discuss potential phage–holobiont interactions of various invertebrates, including participating in initial bacterial colonization, maintaining symbiotic relationships, and causing or exacerbating the diseases of marine invertebrates. Despite the importance of this subject, knowledge of how viruses contribute to marine invertebrate organisms remains limited. Advancements in technology and greater attention to viruses will enhance our understanding of marine invertebrate holobionts.

中文翻译：

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海洋无脊椎动物全生物中的病毒：噬菌体与细菌共生体之间的复杂相互作用

海洋无脊椎动物在生态和经济上都具有重要意义，它们通过与驻留在其组织内和组织上的细胞和非细胞微生物发展共生关系而形成了全生物体。近几十年来，对共生细胞微生物的极大关注导致了各种功能的发现，并大大扩展了我们对全生物功能的了解。尽管取得了这些进展，我们对共生非细胞微生物的理解仍然不足，阻碍了我们全面了解海洋全生物的能力。在这篇综述中，我们强调了丰富的病毒，特别是噬菌体；概述其多样性，特别是广泛研究的海绵和珊瑚；并检查它们潜在的生命周期。此外，我们还讨论了各种无脊椎动物潜在的噬菌体-全生物相互作用，包括参与最初的细菌定植、维持共生关系以及引起或加剧海洋无脊椎动物的疾病。尽管这个课题很重要，但关于病毒如何影响海洋无脊椎动物的知识仍然有限。技术的进步和对病毒的更多关注将增强我们对海洋无脊椎动物全生物的了解。