Wastewater reuse may serve as an important solution to the emerging issue of water scarcity. However, the potential public and ecological risks of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) may hinder the wide application of treated wastewater reclamation. Wastewater treatment plants have been recognized as hotspots of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and key nodes of their spreading. Owing to their characterization of bioactive and penetrating ability from the treatment processes, it is important to design the tertiary treatment to enhance removal efficiencies of intracellular- and extracellular ARGs. Herein, we critically reviewed the available technologies classified into physicochemical, eco-biological, and integrated processes for reclaimed water generation and ARG removal from recently published articles. We summarized the performance, mechanisms, and bottlenecks of each process. For future prospects, we proposed a framework for multimode reuse to achieve the goal of sustainable social water cycle with low risk posed by AMR.

中文翻译：

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处理废水回用过程中解决抗菌药物耐药性的技术：当前进展和未来前景

废水回用可能成为解决新出现的水资源短缺问题的重要解决方案。然而，抗菌素耐药性（AMR）的潜在公共和生态风险可能会阻碍处理后废水回收的广泛应用。废水处理厂已被认为是抗生素抗性基因（ARG）的热点及其传播的关键节点。由于处理过程中其生物活性和渗透能力的特点，设计三级处理以提高细胞内和细胞外 ARG 的去除效率非常重要。在此，我们从最近发表的文章中批判性地回顾了再生水生成和 ARG 去除的物理化学、生态生物和综合工艺等可用技术。我们总结了每个流程的性能、机制和瓶颈。展望未来，我们提出了一个多模式再利用框架，以实现低 AMR 风险的可持续社会水循环目标。