In 2023, the International Union for Conservation of Nature listed the iconic North American monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) as Vulnerable due to population declines. Yet, in the United States, there are no national laws protecting monarchs. In 2020, the US Fish and Wildlife Service determined that monarchs are “warranted” for US Endangered Species listing, although this listing was “precluded” because of lack of agency resources. In the absence of federal laws, individual US state—sub-national—wildlife agencies play an essential role in monarch conservation. State wildlife agencies document decadal plans for at-risk species conservation via State Wildlife Action Plans (SWAPs). We analyzed all 2015–2025 SWAPs to assess and compare state-level monarch conservation efforts. We found monarch representation in SWAPs varied widely and lacked geographic alignment with actual conservation needs and interstate coordination. For example, in the contiguous United States, 15 states that occupy critical monarch migration corridors omit listing monarchs as a species of conservation need; 10 of these states have critical breeding habitat. This limited attention in critical areas of monarch flyways is troubling. States can improve upcoming 2025–2035 plans by coordinating efforts to conserve monarch habitat across the entire migration corridor.

中文翻译：

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谁关心帝王蝶？2015-2025 年美国各州野生动物行动计划比较

2023 年，国际自然保护联盟将标志性的北美帝王蝶 (Danaus plexippus) 由于数量下降而列为易危物种。然而，在美国，没有保护君主的国家法律。2020年，美国鱼类和野生动物管理局确定帝王蝶“有理由”列入美国濒危物种名单，尽管由于缺乏机构资源而被“排除”。在缺乏联邦法律的情况下，美国各州（次国家级）野生动物机构​​在帝王蝶保护中发挥着重要作用。州野生动物机构​​通过州野生动物行动计划（SWAP）记录了濒危物种保护的十年计划。我们分析了 2015 年至 2025 年的所有 SWAP，以评估和比较州级帝王蝶保护工作。我们发现，SWAP 中君主的代表性差异很大，并且缺乏与实际保护需求和州际协调的地理一致性。例如，在美国本土，占据重要帝王蝶迁徙走廊的 15 个州没有将帝王蝶列为保护需要物种；其中 10 个州拥有重要的繁殖栖息地。对帝王蝶迁徙路线关键区域的关注有限，令人不安。各州可以通过协调努力来保护整个迁徙走廊上的帝王蝶栖息地，从而改进即将到来的 2025-2035 年计划。