Sphingolipids are essential components of all eukaryotic membranes. The bioactive sphingolipid molecule, Sphingosine 1-Phosphate (S1P), regulates various important biological functions. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of S1P signaling pathway in various immune cell functions under different pathophysiological conditions including bacterial and viral infections, autoimmune disorders, inflammation, and cancer. We covered the aspects of S1P pathways in NOD/TLR pathways, bacterial and viral infections, autoimmune disorders, and tumor immunology. This implies that targeting S1P signaling can be used as a strategy to block these pathologies. Our current understanding of targeting various components of S1P signaling for therapeutic purposes and the present status of S1P pathway inhibitors or modulators in disease conditions where the host immune system plays a pivotal role is the primary focus of this review.

鞘脂是所有真核细胞膜的重要组成部分。生物活性鞘脂分子，1-磷酸鞘氨醇 (S1P)，调节各种重要的生物功能。本综述旨在全面概述 S1P 信号通路在不同病理生理条件下（包括细菌和病毒感染、自身免疫性疾病、炎症和癌症）下各种免疫细胞功能中的作用。我们涵盖了 NOD/TLR 通路中的 S1P 通路、细菌和病毒感染、自身免疫性疾病和肿瘤免疫学等方面。这意味着针对 S1P 信号传导可以用作阻止这些病理的策略。我们目前对以 S1P 信号传导的各种成分为治疗目的的了解以及 S1P 通路抑制剂或调节剂在宿主免疫系统起关键作用的疾病中的现状是本次综述的主要焦点。