Contaminants in drinking water are a major contributor to the human exposome and adverse health effects. Assessing drinking water exposure accurately in health studies is challenging, as several of the following study design domains should be addressed as adequately as possible. In this paper, we identify the domains Time, Space, Data Quality, Data Accessibility, economic considerations of Study Size, and Complex Mixtures. We present case studies for three approaches or technologies that address these domains differently in the context of exposure assessment of drinking water quality: regulated contaminants in monitoring databases, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)-based wide-scope chemical analysis, and effect-based bioassay methods. While none of these approaches address all the domains sufficiently, together they have the potential to carry out exposure assessments that would complement each other and could advance the state-of-science towards more accurate risk analysis. The aim of our study is to give researchers investigating health effects of drinking water quality the impetus to consider how their exposure assessments relate to the above-mentioned domains and whether it would be worthwhile to integrate the advanced technologies presented into planned risk analyses. We highly suggest this three-pronged approach should be further evaluated in health risk analyses, especially epidemiological studies concerning contaminants in drinking water. The state of the knowledge regarding potential benefits of these technologies, especially when applied in tandem, provides more than sufficient evidence to support future research to determine the implications of combining the approaches described in our case studies in terms of protection of public health.

饮用水中的污染物是造成人体接触和不良健康影响的主要原因。在健康研究中准确评估饮用水暴露具有挑战性，因为应尽可能充分地解决以下几个研究设计领域。在本文中，我们确定了时间、空间、数据质量、数据可访问性、研究规模的经济考虑以及复杂混合物等领域。我们提出了三种方法或技术的案例研究，这些方法或技术在饮用水质量暴露评估的背景下以不同的方式解决这些领域：监测数据库中的受管制污染物、基于高分辨率质谱（HRMS）的宽范围化学分析以及影响-基于生物测定的方法。虽然这些方法都不能充分解决所有领域，但它们共同具有进行暴露评估的潜力，这些评估可以相互补充，并可以推动科学发展，实现更准确的风险分析。我们研究的目的是为研究饮用水质量对健康影响的研究人员提供动力，以考虑他们的暴露评估如何与上述领域相关，以及是否值得将先进技术整合到计划的风险分析中。我们强烈建议在健康风险分析中进一步评估这种三管齐下的方法，特别是有关饮用水污染物的流行病学研究。关于这些技术的潜在好处的知识状况，特别是在同时应用时，提供了足够的证据来支持未来的研究，以确定结合我们案例研究中描述的方法对保护公众健康的影响。