Coastal systems are sensitive to direct and indirect impacts of climate change. Approximately 90% of all coastal areas will be affected by climate change to varying degrees. Nearly half of the world's major cities are located within 50 km of a coast, and coastal population densities are 2.6 times greater than those of inland areas, with a steep rise over the years. While coastal critical infrastructure is expanding, more social and physical systems are increasingly exposed to climate-induced hazards. The interconnectedness and interdependencies of critical infrastructure systems increase their systemic instability and fragility, resulting in greater dynamic risk and cascading impacts. Coastal critical infrastructure systems on several continents are at risk from the effects of climate change, including sea level rise, storm surges, and extreme weather events. Therefore, it is necessary to build and run climate-resilient infrastructure that is planned, designed, implemented, and operated to predict, be prepared for, and adapt to changing climatic circumstances. This review provides an up-to-date, objective, and critical assessment based on the literature to help determine what is known and what needs the future attention of researchers.

中文翻译：

---

气候变化对沿海关键基础设施造成的风险

沿海系统对气候变化的直接和间接影响很敏感。大约90%的沿海地区将不同程度地受到气候变化的影响。世界上近一半的主要城市位于距海岸50公里以内，沿海人口密度是内陆地区的2.6倍，且逐年急剧上升。虽然沿海关键基础设施正在扩建，但更多的社会和物理系统越来越多地暴露在气候引起的危害之下。关键基础设施系统的互联性和相互依赖性增加了其系统的不稳定性和脆弱性，导致更大的动态风险和连锁影响。几大洲的沿海关键基础设施系统面临气候变化影响的风险，包括海平面上升、风暴潮和极端天气事件。因此，有必要建设和运行具有气候适应能力的基础设施，这些基础设施的规划、设计、实施和运营是为了预测、准备和适应不断变化的气候环境。这篇综述根据文献提供了最新的、客观的和批判性的评估，以帮助确定已知的内容以及研究人员未来需要关注的内容。