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Occupational exposure to asbestos in the steel industry (1972–2006)
Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology ( IF 4.5 ) Pub Date : 2023-07-26 , DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00576-4
Dennis J. Paustenbach , Michael E. Stevens , Brett P. Tuttle , Ross A. Shore , Sabina Ligas , David W. Brew

Background

Historically, the use of asbestos in steelmaking has been limited to a few applications. Due to its physical and chemical properties, asbestos was not necessary or suitable for most purposes in a steel mill. The few applications where asbestos were used (i.e., certain gaskets, brakes, protective cloth, refractory materials, insulation materials, and hot top products) were replaced by alternative materials as they became available.

Objective

We discuss historical uses of asbestos in steel manufacturing and the associated airborne asbestos concentrations collected at sixteen U. S. Steel facilities between 1972 and 2006.

Methods

A total of 495 personal airborne asbestos samples from the U. S. Steel industrial hygiene records were analyzed across four time periods corresponding to changes in the OSHA permissible exposure limit (PEL) for asbestos. 68% of the samples (n = 337) were considered representative of an employee’s workday. The remaining samples (n = 158) represented task samples. Samples were grouped by facility, department, and job category within the four time periods.

Results

The average fiber concentrations measured for each facility and department over time were below the contemporaneous OSHA PEL. The mean representative workday asbestos air concentration from 1972 and 1975 was 1.09 f/cc. The mean representative workday concentration decreased to 0.13 f/cc between 1976 and 1985, then decreased again to 0.02 f/cc between 1986 and 1993 and 0.03 f/cc between 1994 and 2006. For task samples, the mean air concentration from 1972 to 1975 was 3.29 f/cc. The mean task sample concentration decreased to 0.48 f/cc between 1976 and 1985, then decreased again to 0.01 f/cc between 1986 and 1993 and 0.03 f/cc between 1994 and 2006. Only eleven out of the 495 samples (2.2%), for both task and representative workday samples, were in exceedance of the contemporaneous PEL(as an 8-hour TWA), ten of which occurred prior to 1978. Eight of these eleven PEL exceeding samples were task samples. Of the remaining three representative workday samples, two had unknown sampling times.

Impact

  • This paper presents an analysis of all the available personal sampling data for airborne asbestos across 16 facilities of the U. S. Steel Corporation between 1972 and 2006. This dataset has previously never been publicly shared or analyzed. It represents one of the more complete industrial hygiene datasets from a corporation to be presented in a scientific journal and, due to the similarities in the processes at each mill, it should reflect analogous exposures throughout the steelmaking industry in the United States. One of the benefits of presenting these data is that it also provides insight into where asbestos-containing materials (ACMs) were used in the steel making process. This is just one example of a large firm that released information that had previously remained in file cabinets for decades. We believe that another benefit of publishing this paper is that it may encourage the largest firms in industry to assemble and analyze their industrial hygiene data to benefit the occupational hygiene, medical, and epidemiology communities. This can support future epidemiology studies and improve the design of future industrial hygiene programs.



中文翻译:

钢铁行业中石棉的职业接触(1972-2006)

背景

从历史上看,石棉在炼钢中的使用仅限于少数应用。由于其物理和化学特性,石棉对于钢厂的大多数用途来说是不必要或不适合的。使用石棉的少数应用(即某些垫圈、制动器、防护布、耐火材料、绝缘材料和热顶产品)在替代材料出现后被替代。

客观的

我们讨论了石棉在钢铁制造中的历史用途,以及 1972 年至 2006 年间在 16 个美国钢铁厂收集的相关空气中石棉浓度。

方法

根据 OSHA 石棉允许接触限值 (PEL) 的变化,对美国钢铁公司工业卫生记录中的总共 495 个个人空气石棉样本进行了四个时间段的分析。68% 的样本 ( n  = 337) 被认为代表了员工的工作日。其余样本(n  = 158)代表任务样本。样本按四个时间段内的设施、部门和工作类别进行分组。

结果

随着时间的推移,每个设施和部门测量的平均纤维浓度低于同期的 OSHA PEL。1972 年和 1975 年平均代表性工作日空气中石棉浓度为 1.09 f/cc。1976 年至 1985 年间,平均代表性工作日浓度下降至 0.13 f/cc,然后在 1986 年至 1993 年间再次下降至 0.02 f/cc,1994 至 2006 年间下降至 0.03 f/cc。 对于任务样本,为 1972 年至 1975 年的平均空气浓度为 3.29 f/cc。1976 年至 1985 年间,任务样本平均浓度下降至 0.48 f/cc,然后在 1986 至 1993 年间再次下降至 0.01 f/cc,1994 至 2006 年间又下降至 0.03 f/cc。 495 个样本中,只有 11 个样本 (2.2%)对于任务和代表性工作日样本,均超过了同期 PEL(作为 8 小时 TWA),其中 10 次发生在 1978 年之前。这11个PEL超标样本中有8个是任务样本。在其余三个具有代表性的工作日样本中,有两个采样时间未知。

影响

  • 本文对 1972 年至 2006 年间美国钢铁公司 16 个设施中空气中石棉的所有可用个人采样数据进行了分析。该数据集以前从未公开共享或分析过。它代表了一家公司将在科学期刊上发表的更完整的工业卫生数据集之一,并且由于每个工厂的流程相似,它应该反映整个美国炼钢行业的类似暴露。提供这些数据的好处之一是,它还可以深入了解含石棉材料 (ACM) 在炼钢过程中的使用情况。这只是一家大公司发布了此前在文件柜中保留了数十年的信息的一个例子。我们相信,发表这篇论文的另一个好处是,它可以鼓励工业中最大的公司收集和分析其工业卫生数据,以使职业卫生、医疗和流行病学界受益。这可以支持未来的流行病学研究并改进未来工业卫生计划的设计。

更新日期:2023-07-27
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