The regulation of transposable elements (TEs) requires overlapping epigenetic modifications that must be reinforced every cell division and generation. In plants, this is achieved by multiple pathways including small RNAs, DNA methylation, and repressive histone marks that act together to control TE expression and activity throughout the entire life cycle. However, transient TE activation is observed during reproductive transitions as a result of epigenome reprogramming, thus providing windows of opportunity for TE proliferation and epigenetic novelty. Ultimately, these events may originate complex TE-driven transcriptional networks or cell-to-cell communication strategies via mobile small RNAs. In this review, we discuss recent findings and current understanding of TE regulation during sexual plant reproduction, and its implications for fertility, early seed development, and epigenetic inheritance.

转座元件（TE）的调节需要重叠的表观遗传修饰，并且每次细胞分裂和世代都必须加强这些修饰。在植物中，这是通过多种途径实现的，包括小RNA、DNA甲基化和抑制性组蛋白标记，这些途径共同作用来控制整个生命周期中的TE表达和活性。然而，由于表观基因组重编程，在生殖转变期间观察到短暂的 TE 激活，从而为 TE 增殖和表观遗传新颖性提供了机会之窗。最终，这些事件可能引发复杂的 TE 驱动的转录网络或通过移动小 RNA 的细胞间通信策略。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了植物有性繁殖过程中 TE 调控的最新发现和当前理解，及其对生育力、早期种子发育和表观遗传的影响。