We use census microdata for Spain and the United States to examine gender differences in cross-national heterosexual couples (marriages and cohabitating unions involving natives and immigrant spouses). We examine whether native men and native women in cross-national couples exhibit similar patterns regarding the country of birth, age, and educational attainment of their international partners. Countries are ranked by their level of the human development index (HDI). In both Spain and the United States, native men are slightly overrepresented in cross-national couples. Native men are more likely to be married to individuals from low HDI countries than native women. On the contrary, native women are predominantly married to men born in countries with similar or higher levels of HDI. Unions of native men are characterized by large spousal age differences, which increase with the HDI gap; this pattern reverses among native women. These gender asymmetries do not extend to education level, with cross-national couples, overall, involving highly educated individuals. These results point to the endurance of certain features of traditional marriage patterns in cross-national couples, but the patterns differ starkly between native men and native women.

中文翻译：

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跨国夫妻中的性别不对称

我们使用西班牙和美国的人口普查微观数据来研究跨国异性伴侣（涉及当地人和移民配偶的婚姻和同居）的性别差异。我们研究了跨国夫妇中的本土男性和本土女性在其国际伴侣的出生国、年龄和教育程度方面是否表现出相似的模式。各国根据其人类发展指数（HDI）水平进行排名。在西班牙和美国，跨国夫妇中本土男性的比例略高。土著男性比土著女性更有可能与来自低人类发展指数国家的人结婚。相反，本土女性主要与出生在人类发展指数相似或更高水平的国家的男性结婚。土著男性婚姻的特点是配偶年龄差异较大，这种差异随着人类发展指数差距的增加而增大；这种模式在土著妇女中发生了逆转。这些性别不对称并没有延伸到教育水平，跨国夫妇总体上涉及受过高等教育的人。这些结果表明，传统婚姻模式的某些特征在跨国夫妇中得以延续，但本土男性和本土女性之间的模式却截然不同。