The spread of antimicrobial resistance and lesser development of new antibiotics have intensified the search for new antimicrobial and diagnostic vehicles. Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), which broadly include carbon dots, carbon nanotubes, and graphene/graphene oxide nanostructures, have emerged as promising theranostic materials exhibiting, in many instances, potent antibacterial activities and diagnostic capabilities. Ease of synthesis, tunable physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, and diverse modes of action make CNMs a powerful class of theranostic nanomaterials. This review discusses recent studies illuminating innovative new CNMs and their applications in bacterial theranostics. We particularly emphasize the relationship between the structural parameters and overall chemical properties of CNMs and their biological impact and utilization. Overall, the expanding work on the development and use of CNMs in therapeutic, sensing, and diagnostic applications in the microbial world underscores the considerable potential of these nanomaterials.

抗菌素耐药性的蔓延和新抗生素开发的减少加剧了对新抗菌剂和诊断工具的寻找。碳纳米材料（CNMs），广义上包括碳点、碳纳米管以及石墨烯/氧化石墨烯纳米结构已成为有前途的治疗诊断材料，在许多情况下表现出有效的抗菌活性和诊断能力。CNM 易于合成、可调节的理化性质、生物相容性和多样化的作用模式使 CNM 成为一类强大的治疗诊断纳米材料。这篇综述讨论了最近的研究，阐明了创新的新型 CNM 及其在细菌治疗诊断学中的应用。我们特别强调 CNM 的结构参数和整体化学性质及其生物影响和利用之间的关系。总体而言，CNM 在微生物领域的治疗、传感和诊断应用中的开发和使用的不断扩大，凸显了这些纳米材料的巨大潜力。