Penetrating neural electrodes provide a powerful approach to decipher brain circuitry by allowing for time-resolved electrical detections of individual action potentials. This unique capability has contributed tremendously to basic and translational neuroscience, enabling both fundamental understandings of brain functions and applications of human prosthetic devices that restore crucial sensations and movements. However, conventional approaches are limited by the scarce number of available sensing channels and compromised efficacy over long-term implantations. Recording longevity and scalability have become the most sought-after improvements in emerging technologies. In this review, we discuss the technological advances in the past 5–10 years that have enabled larger-scale, more detailed, and longer-lasting recordings of neural circuits at work than ever before. We present snapshots of the latest advances in penetration electrode technology, showcase their applications in animal models and humans, and outline the underlying design principles and considerations to fuel future technological development.

中文翻译：

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新兴的穿透性神经电极：追求大规模和长寿命

穿透神经电极通过允许对个体动作电位进行时间分辨电检测，提供了一种破译大脑电路的强大方法。这种独特的能力对基础神经科学和转化神经科学做出了巨大贡献，使人们能够对大脑功能有基本的了解，并能够应用人体假肢装置来恢复关键的感觉和运动。然而，传统方法受到可用传感通道数量稀缺和长期植入功效受损的限制。记录寿命和可扩展性已成为新兴技术中最受欢迎的改进。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了过去 5-10 年的技术进步，这些进步使得对工作中的神经回路进行比以往更大规模、更详细和更持久的记录成为可能。我们介绍了穿透电极技术的最新进展，展示了它们在动物模型和人类中的应用，并概述了推动未来技术发展的基本设计原则和考虑因素。