Peptide–lipid interactions play an important role in defining the mode of action of drugs and the molecular mechanism associated with many diseases. Model membranes consisting of simple lipid mixtures mimicking real cell membranes can provide insight into the structural and dynamic aspects associated with these interactions. Small-angle scattering techniques based on X-rays and neutrons (SAXS/SANS) allow in situ determination of peptide partition and structural changes in lipid bilayers in vesicles with relatively high resolution between 1-100 nm. With advanced instrumentation, time-resolved SANS/SAXS can be used to track equilibrium and nonequilibrium processes such as lipid transport and morphological transitions to time scales down to a millisecond. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances in the understanding of complex peptide–lipid membrane interactions using SAXS/SANS methods and model lipid membrane unilamellar vesicles. Particular attention will be given to the data analysis, possible pitfalls, and how to extract quantitative information using these techniques.

肽-脂质相互作用在确定药物的作用模式以及与许多疾病相关的分子机制方面发挥着重要作用。由模拟真实细胞膜的简单脂质混合物组成的模型膜可以深入了解与这些相互作用相关的结构和动态方面。基于 X 射线和中子 (SAXS/SANS) 的小角度散射技术允许原位以 1-100 nm 之间相对较高的分辨率测定囊泡中脂质双层的肽分配和结构变化。借助先进的仪器，时间分辨 SANS/SAXS 可用于跟踪平衡和非平衡过程，例如脂质运输和形态转变，时间尺度可缩小至毫秒。在这篇综述中，我们概述了使用 SAXS/SANS 方法和脂质膜单层囊泡模型理解复杂肽-脂质膜相互作用的最新进展。将特别关注数据分析、可能的陷阱以及如何使用这些技术提取定量信息。