Return on investment (ROI) has long been accepted as a primary tool for decision-making for capital investments and even choices among competing operational budget lines. Applying ROI to investments intended to prevent or mitigate future risks and hazards can be very difficult, as benefits are typically arduous to define and calculate while risk probabilities can be very small. This paper uses examples from recent research concerning law enforcement, airport security, and airport resiliency to illustrate the feasibility of computing ROI and resiliency ROI (RROI) for such investments and to suggest methodology to approach these computations.

中文翻译：

---

利用投资回报和弹性投资回报进行准备

投资回报率 (ROI) 长期以来一直被认为是资本投资决策甚至竞争运营预算项目中选择的主要工具。将投资回报率应用于旨在预防或减轻未来风险和危害的投资可能非常困难，因为收益通常难以定义和计算，而风险概率可能非常小。本文使用最近有关执法、机场安全和机场弹性的研究中的示例来说明计算此类投资的 ROI 和弹性 ROI (RROI) 的可行性，并提出处理这些计算的方法。