INTRODUCTION

This special issue project was conceived at a time when Germany has prominently come to the fore during the “summer of migration” in 2015 assuming a leading role in European asylum reception system. The German Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (BAMF) registered more than one million asylum applications in 2015 and 2016 (BAMF, 2019:5) when Dublin regulations were temporarily lifted to enable the arrival of mostly Syrian forced migrants fleeing the civil war and the oppression of the Assad regime. In a cruel twist of fate, at the time of the writing of this introduction, Germany undergoes a similar process of reception of forced migrants from Ukraine seeking shelter/protection away from the Russian aggression. While the legal framework put in place differs widely, lessons that can be drawn from the “summer of migration” remain crucial to tackle the current situation.

This requires obtaining a comprehensive understanding of the arrivals in 2015 and thereafter. This special issue aims to contribute to the growing body of scholarship by reading the situation of post-2015 refugees through the lens of exclusion that is conceived as interlocking and co-existing with processes of inclusion. The approach taken here relies chiefly on the broader framework developed within the context of a large project funded by the Max Planck Societyⁱ (see Foblets et al., 2018; Foblets & Yanaşmayan, 2022; Hruschka & Schader, 2020). Building on the concept of “differential inclusion” (Baban et al., 2017; De Genova et al., 2014) that describes how inclusion can be subject to varying degrees of “subordination, discrimination and segmentation”, the proposition of this special issue is to expand the focus on how different acts of exclusion, not limited to the topographical bordering practices and governance tools, by state as well as non-state actors can hinder access to the territory, to rights claims as well as to needed resources in different areas and ultimately prevent full participation. Significantly, this lens of exclusion intrinsically encompasses an attention to migrants' practices of resistance and solidarity, which further posits exclusion as ambiguous, temporally bounded and sphere-dependent.

In order to document the variety of acts of and resistance against exclusion, the special issue brings together a multidisciplinary team of scholars in the fields of geography, anthropology, law, urban studies, sociology and political science, all working with original empirical data, collected in interviews, observations, surveys, laws and policy documents. This special issue sheds light on this historical critical juncture in European migration history that had become quintessentially associated with a “crisis” rhetoric (Crawley & Skleparis, 2018; Triandafyllidou, 2017) that produced highly volatile and shifting representations of migrants (Holzberg et al., 2018; Vollmer & Karakayali, 2018). Against the background of this prevailing “crisis” discourse, the contributions of this special issue tease out three essential topics that remain relevant for the refugee reception at large: (1) legal (un)certainty, (2) accommodation and housing and (3) societal responses.

中文翻译：

---

2015 年后德国的难民：“欢迎文化”、团结还是排斥？

介绍

这个特刊项目是在德国在 2015 年的“移民之夏”中脱颖而出并在欧洲庇护接收系统中发挥主导作用的时候构思出来的。德国联邦移民和难民办公室 (BAMF) 在 2015 年和 2016 年登记了超过 100 万份庇护申请（BAMF，  2019:5) 当都柏林的规定被暂时取消，以使大多数逃离内战和阿萨德政权压迫的叙利亚被迫移民能够抵达。在命运的残酷转折中，在撰写本文时，德国经历了类似的接收来自乌克兰的被迫移民的过程，这些移民寻求庇护/保护以远离俄罗斯的侵略。尽管建立的法律框架差异很大，但从“移民之夏”中吸取的教训对于解决当前局势仍然至关重要。

这需要全面了解 2015 年及之后的入境人数。本期特刊旨在通过排斥的视角来解读 2015 年后难民的状况，从而为不断增长的学术研究做出贡献，排斥被认为与包容过程相互关联并共存。这里采用的方法主要依赖于在马克斯·普朗克学会ⁱ资助的一个大型项目背景下开发的更广泛的框架（参见 Foblets 等人，  2018 年；Foblets 和 Yanaşmayan，  2022 年；Hruschka 和 Schader，  2020 年）。基于“差别包容”的概念（Baban 等人，  2017 年；De Genova 等人，  2014 年）) 描述了包容如何受到不同程度的“从属、歧视和分割”，本期特刊的主张是扩大对不同排斥行为的关注，而不仅限于地形边界实践和治理工具，通过国家和非国家行为者可能阻碍进入领土、权利主张以及不同地区所需资源，并最终阻止充分参与。值得注意的是，这种排斥镜头本质上包含了对移民的抵抗和团结实践的关注，这进一步将排斥设定为模棱两可的、有时间限制的和依赖于领域的。

为了记录排斥行为的多样性和对排斥的抵抗，这期特刊汇集了地理学、人类学、法学、城市研究、社会学和政治学等领域的多学科学者团队，他们都使用原始实证数据，收集在访谈、观察、调查、法律和政策文件中。本期特刊揭示了欧洲移民史上的这一历史性关键时刻，它与“危机”言论有着典型的联系（Crawley & Skleparis，2018 年；Triandafyllidou，2017 年），这种言论产生了高度不稳定和不断变化的移民表征（  Holzberg等 人。 ,  2018 年；沃尔默和卡拉卡亚利，  2018 年). 在这种普遍存在的“危机”话语的背景下，本期特刊梳理出三个与难民接待普遍相关的基本主题：(1) 法律（不确定性），(2) 住宿和住房以及 (3 ) 社会反应。