Understanding how outcomes for biracial individuals compare with those for their monoracial peers is critical for understanding how patterns of racial inequality in the contemporary United States might be shifting. Yet, we know very little about the life chances of biracial individuals because of limitations in most available data sources. In this article, I utilize American Community Survey data from 2010 to 2019 to examine the risk of being clearly behind expected grade among biracial and monoracial K-12 students, helping to fill a gap in our understanding. With large sample sizes for most biracial groups, I am able to estimate grade retention risk for biracial students with enough precision to differentiate even modest differences in risk relative to monoracial groups. The results indicate that for most biracial groups, biracial students have risk similar to their lower-risk monoracial constituent group. Although biracial students tend to have favorable family resource characteristics, controlling for these characteristics does little to change the overall placement of their outcomes.

中文翻译：

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2010 年至 2019 年美国混血儿和单种族学生留级风险的差异

了解混血儿的结果与单种族同龄人的结果相比，对于了解当代美国种族不平等模式可能发生的变化至关重要。然而，由于大多数可用数据来源的局限性，我们对混血儿的生活机会知之甚少。在本文中，我利用 2010 年至 2019 年的美国社区调查数据来检查混血儿和单种族 K-12 学生明显落后于预期成绩的风险，以帮助填补我们理解上的空白。由于大多数混血儿群体的样本量很大，我能够以足够的精度估计混血儿学生的成绩保留风险，以区分相对于单种族群体的风险即使是适度的差异。结果表明，对于大多数混血儿群体，混血学生的风险与他们的低风险单种族组成群体相似。尽管混血儿学生往往具有有利的家庭资源特征，但控制这些特征并不能改变他们结果的总体排名。