Long-Term Development of Training Characteristics and Performance-Determining Factors in Elite/International and World-Class Endurance Athletes: A Scoping Review,Sports Medicine

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Long-Term Development of Training Characteristics and Performance-Determining Factors in Elite/International and World-Class Endurance Athletes: A Scoping Review
Sports Medicine ( IF 9.3 ) Pub Date : 2023-05-13 , DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01850-z
Hanne C Staff ₁ , Guro Strøm Solli _{1,

2} , John O Osborne ₁ , Øyvind Sandbakk _{1,

3}

Affiliation

Objective

In this scoping review, we aimed to 1) identify and evaluate existing research that describes the long-term development of training characteristics and performance-determining factors in male and female endurance athletes reaching an elite/international (Tier 4) or world-class level (Tier 5), 2) summarize the available evidence and 3) point out existing knowledge gaps and provide methodological guidelines for future research in this field.

Methods

This review was conducted following the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for scoping reviews.

Results

Out of 16772 screened items across a 22-year period (1990-2022), a total of 17 peer-reviewed journal articles met the inclusion criteria and were considered for further analysis. These 17 studies described athletes from seven different sports and seven different countries, with 11 (69%) of the studies being published during the last decade. Of the 109 athletes included in this scoping review, one quarter were women (27%), and three quarters were men (73%). Ten studies included information about the long-term development of training volume and training intensity distribution. A non-linear, year-to-year increase in training volume was found for most athletes, resulting in a subsequent plateau. Furthermore, 11 studies described the development of performance determining factors. Here, most of the studies showed improvements in submaximal variables (e.g., lactate/anaerobic threshold and work economy/efficiency) and maximal performance-indices (e.g., peak speed/watt during performance testing). Conversely, the development of VO2max was inconsistent across studies. No evidence was found regarding possible sex differences in development of training or performance-determining factors among endurance athletes.

Conclusion

Overall, a low number of studies describing the long-term development of training and performance-determining factors is available. This suggests that existing talent development practices in endurance sports are built upon limited scientific evidence. Overall, there is an urgent need for additional long-term studies based on systematic monitoring of athletes from a young age utilizing high-precision, reproducible measurements of training and performance-determining factors.

中文翻译：

精英/国际和世界级耐力运动员训练特征和成绩决定因素的长期发展：范围界定审查

客观的

在本次范围审查中，我们的目标是 1) 确定和评估现有研究，这些研究描述了达到精英/国际（第 4 级）或世界级水平的男性和女性耐力运动员的训练特征和表现决定因素的长期发展（第 5 层），2）总结现有证据，3）指出现有知识差距并为该领域的未来研究提供方法指南。

方法

本次审查是按照乔安娜·布里格斯研究所 (Joanna Briggs Institute) 的范围审查方法进行的。

结果

在 22 年期间（1990-2022）的 16772 个筛选项目中，共有 17 篇同行评审的期刊文章符合纳入标准，并考虑进行进一步分析。这 17 项研究描述了来自 7 个不同运动项目和 7 个不同国家的运动员，其中 11 项 (69%) 研究是在过去十年内发表的。在本次范围审查中纳入的 109 名运动员中，四分之一是女性（27%），四分之三是男性（73%）。十项研究包括有关训练量和训练强度分布的长期发展的信息。大多数运动员的训练量呈非线性、逐年增加，导致随后进入平台期。此外，11 项研究描述了绩效决定因素的发展。在这里，大多数研究显示了次最大变量（例如，乳酸/无氧阈值和工作经济/效率）和最大性能指数（例如，性能测试期间的峰值速度/瓦特）的改进。相反，各项研究中最大摄氧量的发展并不一致。没有发现证据表明耐力运动员的训练发展或表现决定因素可能存在性别差异。